Relación de dependencia del trabajo formal y brechas de protección social en América Latina y el Caribe

Incluye Bibliografía

Programas de transferencias condicionadas: balance de la experiencia reciente en América Latina y el Caribe

Incluye Bibliografía

Conditional cash transfer programmes: the recent experience in Latin America and the Caribbean

Includes Bibliography

Aspectos epidemiológicos e clínico-patológicos comparados da intoxicação por Arrabidaea bilabiata (Bignoniaceae) em búfalos e bovinos

Através de estudo experimental, verificou-se que, embora o quadro clínico-patológico seja essencialmente o mesmo, o búfalo é pelo menos duas vezes mais resistente que o bovino à ação tóxica de Arrabidaea bilabiata (Sprague) Sandw. Os experimentos demonstraram também, que as folhas novas desta planta são duas vezes (em outubro, fim da época de seca) ou uma vez e meio (em maio, fim da época de chuva) mais tóxicas do que as folhas maduras, e que a planta é mais tóxica em outubro. Esses dados indicam que a menor incidência de intoxicação por plantas do grupo das que causam morte súbita, em búfalos na Amazônia, deva-se, em parte, à maior resistência dessa espécie animal. Também parece importante a coincidência do habitat preferencial dos búfalos (várzea) com o habitat de A. bilabiata, planta menos tóxica que Palicourea marcgravii St.Hil., encontrada em terra firme que é o habitat preferido pelos bovinos.

Skeletal muscle degeneration and regeneration after injection of bothropstoxin-II, a phospholipase A2 isolated from the venom of the snake Bothrops jararacussu

A myotoxic phospholipase A2, named bothropstoxin II (BthTX-II), was isolated from the venom of the South American snake Bothrops jararacussu and the pathogenesis of myonecrosis induced by this toxin was studied in mice. BthTX-II induced a rapid increase in plasma creatine kinase levels. Histological and ultrastructural observations demonstrate that this toxin affects muscle fibers by first disrupting the integrity of plasma membrane, as delta lesions were the earliest morphological alteration and since the plasma membrane was interrupted or absent in many portions. In agreement with this hypothesis, BthTX-II released peroxidase entrapped in negatively charged multilamellar liposomes and behaved as an amphiphilic protein in charge shift electrophoresis, an indication that its mechanism of action might be based on the interaction and disorganization of plasma membrane phospholipids. Membrane damage was followed by a complex series of morphological alterations in intracellular structures, most of which are probably related to an increase in cytosolic calcium levels. Myofilaments became hypercontracted into dense clumps which alternated with cellular spaces devoid of myofibrillar material. Later on, myofilaments changed to a hyaline appearance with a more uniform distribution. Mitochondria were drastically affected, showing high amplitude swelling, vesiculation of cristae, formation of flocculent densities, and membrane disruption. By 24 hr, abundant polymorphonuclear leucocytes and macrophages were observed in the interstitial space as well as inside necrotic fibers. Muscle regeneration proceeded normally, as abundant myotubes and regenerating myofibers were observed 7 days after BthTX-II injection. By 28 days regenerating fibers had a diameter similar to that of adult muscle fibers, although they presented two distinctive features: central location of nuclei and some fiber splitting. This good regenerative response may be explained by the observation that BthTX-II does not affect blood vessels, nerves, or basal laminae. © 1991.

Nonlinear / electromagnetic co-simulation and co-design of microwave links in highly polluted and / or strongly inhomogeneous environments

The objective of the Ph.D. thesis is to put the basis of an all-embracing link analysis procedure that may form a general reference scheme for the future state-of-the-art of RF/microwave link design: it is basically meant as a circuit-level simulation of an entire radio link, with – generally multiple – transmitting and receiving antennas examined by EM analysis. In this way the influence of mutual couplings on the frequency-dependent near-field and far-field performance of each element is fully accounted for. The set of transmitters is treated as a unique nonlinear system loaded by the multiport antenna, and is analyzed by nonlinear circuit techniques. In order to establish the connection between transmitters and receivers, the far-fields incident onto the receivers are evaluated by EM analysis and are combined by extending an available Ray Tracing technique to the link study. EM theory is used to describe the receiving array as a linear active multiport network. Link performances in terms of bit error rate (BER) are eventually verified a posteriori by a fast system-level algorithm. In order to validate the proposed approach, four heterogeneous application contexts are provided. A complete MIMO link design in a realistic propagation scenario is meant to constitute the reference case study. The second one regards the design, optimization and testing of various typologies of rectennas for power generation by common RF sources. Finally, the project and implementation of two typologies of radio identification tags, at X-band and V-band respectively. In all the cases the importance of an exhaustive nonlinear/electromagnetic co-simulation and co-design is demonstrated to be essential for any accurate system performance prediction.

Diversionsrichtlinien im Jugendstrafrecht - Segen oder Fluch

Dass Jugenddelinquenz eine ubiquitäre und ganz überwiegend nur passagere Erscheinungsform im Sozialisationsprozess ist, hat in den letzten Jahrzehnten eine Reduzierung formeller Verfahren gegen junge Straftäter bedingt. Empirische Studien haben bestätigt, dass gerade eine frühzeitige Verfahrenseinstellung die Rückfallquote verringert, so dass sich die Chance einer Legalbewährung bei informeller Erledigung besser darstellt als nach einer förmlichen Verurteilung. Damit werden Gefahren einer Wirkungsdynamik reduziert, die letztlich neue Rechtsbrüche begünstigen könnten. Die Wahl informeller Alternativen ist zudem geeignet, den Übergang zum Makel formeller Sanktionierung zu vermeiden bzw. zu verzögern und die stigmatisierende Wirkung förmlicher Strafverfahren zu reduzieren.rnIn der Diskussion um die Bewältigung der Alltags- und Bagatellkriminalität wird immer wieder die Frage nach der Einheitlichkeit der Rechtsanwendung des § 45 JGG aufgeworfen. Zur Beantwortung dieser Frage werden die von fast alle Bundesländern verabschiedeten Diversionsrichtlinien einer Untersuchung unterzogen.rnDiese findet zunächst anhand eines ausführlichen Textvergleichs der einzelnen Diversionsrichtlinien statt, gefolgt von einer Darstellung der Sanktionierungspraxis in Deutschland in den Jahren 1999 bis 2007, wobei zunächst die Häufigkeiten informeller Erledigungen im Jugendstrafrecht und im allgemeinen Strafverfahren für das gesamte Bundesgebiet betrachtet und dann ein Vergleich der Häufigkeiten informeller Erledigungen im Jugendstrafrecht und im allgemeinen Strafverfahren auf der Ebene der Bundesländer dargestellt wird.rnAls Ergebnis dieser Analyse kann festgehalten werden, dass der bisherige Versuch, eine einheitliche Entkriminalisierung auf Bundesebene aufgrund der bestehenden, von den einzelnen Bundesländern geschaffenen Diversions-Richtlinien zu schaffen, als teilweise gescheitert angesehen werden.rn

Doveri e responsabilita' degli amministratori nella crisi dei gruppi di societa'

Il presente studio si propone di individuare i doveri e le responsabilità, di tipo risarcitorio, degli amministratori, in particolare degli amministratori della società che esercita attività di direzione e coordinamento, in una situazione di crisi o insolvenza nel gruppo, anche in un’ottica di “prevenzione”, e, più precisamente, il complesso di regole di corretta gestione societaria e imprenditoriale, con le quali il silenzio della legge fallimentare in tema di gruppi di società non può non confrontarsi. In particolare, si indagherà sulla possibilità di individuare nel nostro ordinamento giuridico, nel momento di emersione della crisi, doveri di comportamento in capo agli organi di governo della società o ente che esercita attività di direzione e coordinamento, al fine di fronteggiare la crisi, evitando il peggioramento della stessa, ovvero per un risanamento anticipato e, quindi, più suscettibile di esito positivo, nella prospettiva di tutela dei soci c.d. esterni e dei creditori delle società figlie e, nello stesso tempo, dei soci della capogruppo medesima e, quindi, in una prospettiva più ampia e articolata rispetto a una società individualmente considerata. L’oggetto dell’analisi viene introdotto mediante un inquadramento generale della disciplina in materia di gruppi di società presente nel nostro sistema normativo, con particolare riguardo alla disciplina dell’attività di direzione e coordinamento introdotta dal legislatore della riforma del diritto societario (d.lgs. 17 gennaio 2003, n. 6) con gli artt. 2497 ss. cod. civ.. Nella seconda parte verranno individuati e approfonditi i criteri e i principi dai quali ricavare le regole di governance nei gruppi di società e la relativa responsabilità degli amministratori nelle situazioni di crisi nel gruppo. Sulla scorta delle suddette argomentazioni, nell'ultima parte verranno individuate le regole di gestione nell'ambito del gruppo nel momento di “emersione” della crisi e, in particolare, i possibili “strumenti” che il nostro legislatore offre per fronteggiarla.

Scheduled versus Pro Re Nata Dosing in the VIEW Trials

PURPOSE To analyze visual acuity (VA) outcomes before and after preplanned treatment regimen change in the VIEW studies at week 52 (W52). DESIGN Multiple post hoc analyses for retrospectively defined subgroups in 2 multicenter, multinational, double-masked trials. PARTICIPANTS Two thousand four hundred fifty-seven neovascular age-related macular degeneration (AMD) patients. METHODS Patients were randomized to treatment with 0.5 mg ranibizumab given monthly, a 0.5-mg or 2-mg intravitreal aflibercept injection given monthly, or 2 mg intravitreal aflibercept given every other month, after 3 initial monthly doses, up to W52. From W52 through W96, patients received their original dosing assignment using a capped pro re nata (PRN) regimen, with defined retreatment criteria based on VA and morphologic signs of disease activity and mandatory dosing at least every 12 weeks. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Best-corrected VA (BCVA) and optical coherence tomography assessments were mandatory at all visits from baseline to W96. Outcomes were changes in BCVA and central retinal thickness. Outcomes were evaluated in all patients who completed 2 years of the VIEW studies using the last observation carried forward method for missing data at interim visits. RESULTS After W52, approximately 20% of patients lost 5 Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS) letters or more across all treatment arms with PRN treatment. Patients who met the retreatment criterion of loss of 5 ETDRS letters or more in the first quarter of the PRN dosing phase did not recover; mean final VA loss across the 4 study arms was -4.4 to -5.8 letters. Outcomes of these patients up to W52 were indistinguishable from those of the overall population. There were no differences between groups in serious ocular adverse events or Anti-Platelet Trialists' Collaboration arterial thromboembolic events through W96. CONCLUSIONS These analyses suggest that there are subgroups of patients for whom VA outcomes in the second year of the VIEW studies were less stable than in the first year and for whom W52 seems to be an important inflection point. Although alternate reasons specific to the nature of the underlying AMD cannot be fully excluded, the switch in treatment regimen at W52 is a plausible explanation.

Cultura de aguas

El documental fue producido en la Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, financiado por el Proyecto PROSAP (Programa de Servicios Agrícolas Provinciales) con el fin de difundir los beneficios y resultados de las obras que se realizaron en la provincia de Mendoza. El objetivo del proyecto fue mejorar la distribución y cantidad de agua entregada. La obra, de 272 km, se realizó sobre el canal San Martín, en el tramo inferior (zona de Tres Porteñas). Para que la distribución fuera efectiva se utilizó una tecnología llamada "módulos de máscara" logrando así una importante optimización en los tiempos y entregas, sin pérdidas. Esta es una obra que pagaron los regantes.

Argumentos para pensar la construcción de identidades en beneficiarios de planes de empleo

Este trabajo es el fruto de reflexiones realizadas a partir de investigaciones sobre poblaciones desocupadas, históricamente beneficiaria de planes de empleo, quienes han sobrevivido combinando estos beneficios con trabajos informales y precarios, y con una sucesión infinita de planes sociales. Desde investigaciones encuadradas en metodologías cualitativas en el Gran La Plata y el Gran Buenos Aires, de los trabajo de campo y de los marcos conceptuales de los que partimos, es que planteamos la necesidad de discutir el concepto de identidad propio de la modernidad que ha naturalizado una concepción atrapada en la retórica de lo idéntico, lo permanente, lo encerrado y lo duradero impidiendo un pensamiento diferente por remitir a lo sólido, lo firme, lo recortado, lo estable (Gatti, 2007). Por el contrario, observamos que hay una multiplicidad de formas de entender la pertenencia a un colectivo social alejadas de una concepción clásica. Configurando una nueva construcción de identidades