The Budget of the European Union. IES WORKING PAPER 4/2010

This paper first provides a short history of the European budget, focusing on the development of the EU’s “own resources”. It then elaborates on the fundamental changes to the financial system and the budgetary procedure that the Treaty of Lisbon introduced. It is posited that with the amendments the budgetary process has lost clarity. Whilst the multiannual framework may provide for long-term stability, it stands in contradiction to a central principle of parliamentary democracy: annual budgets. The EU’s search for a fair and transparent budgetary system has not yet come to full fruition. Europe needs a fairer and more transparent system. Since the Luxembourg agreement of 1970, the Union has not done anything with the VAT as own resources. The VAT is related to the welfare standards and developments in the Member States. A fixed share of this indirect tax could form the base of a long term financing plan for the general EU budget.

The History and Challenges of Cohesion Policies. Jean Monnet/Robert Schuman Paper Series Vol. 14 No. 2, February 2014

From Introduction. Regional economic disequilibria was viewed as both an obstacle to and result of integration (European Commission 1965; European Commission 1962; European Commission 1969). Even within the Treaty of Rome, the Community tried to establish mechanisms to alleviate regional inequality. However, it was not until 1975 that the main mechanism of regional policy was established as a result of British and Irish enlargement: the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF). Since then, cohesion policy has become a significant EU expenditure accounting for €347bn, or 35.7% of the total EU budget for 2007-13(European Commission Regional Policy-Info Regio 2012). It has also become a key policy linked to enlargement. The underlying principle of cohesion policy assumes that the market alone cannot solve development problems and therefore government intervention is needed. This notion is in direct contrast to the underlying principle of EU competition policy, which asserts that the free market can solve economic development problems (Meadows, interview by author, 2003). The logic underlying cohesion policy is not only counter to EU competition policy, but also regulatory policies. Unlike other EU policies, cohesion policy is not a sectoral policy, but rather territorial in nature (Leonardi, 2006). Thus at times EU regulatory policy has also unintentionally worked counter to the goals of regional policy, sometimes disadvantaging poorer regions (Dudek, 2005). As the Community has sought to ameliorate regional disparities, it meant that all levels of government: local, regional, national and supranational would need to be involved, however, member states have different territorial governance and European regional development programs have to varying degrees impacted the relationship and policy responsibility of different levels of government (Leonardi, 2006; Bachtler and Michie 1993; Marks, 1993). The very nature of regional development policy has provoked a re-examination of subsidiarity, or which level of government is the lowest and most appropriate level. The discussion of policy formulation and implementation at the lowest level possible also addresses the issue of the democratic deficit. Some argue that the closer government is to the people the more responsive and representative it is. Democracy, however, also implies that public funds are used in a transparent way and for public rather than private good. Yet, as we examine the history and current situation of EU regional funds we find that corruption and misuse still abound. Thus, to understand the history of regional policy it is imperative to look at the major transformations of the policy, how regional policy has impacted subsidiarity and the quality of democracy, become an important instrument of enlargement and contradicted or conflicted with other EU policies.

European Monetary Union: between the stakeholder and the stockholder models of capitalism. CES Germany & Europe Working Papers, No. 01.3, 2001

From the mid-1980s on a new attitude towards self-determination appeared in Western European integration. With the Maastricht Treaty of 1992 and, later, with theAmsterdam Treaty of 1997 the member countries of the European Community manifested their determination to be active players in the new international order. Accepting and instituting the single market and monetary union constituted, however, a challenge of compatibility between the traditional model of welfare European capitalism and the impositions coming from globalization under the neo-liberal model of Anglo-Saxon capitalism. This issue is examined here under two perspectives. The first reviews the implications which globalization has had on the European model of capitalism and the second the complications for monetary management as Europe moves from a nationally regulated to a union regulated financial structure.

The treaties of 1778, and allied documents;

I. The preliminaries: Plan of treaties; Instructions to the agent.--II. The treaties: Treaty of amity and commerce; Treaty of alliance; Act separate and secret.--III. The ratification.

The fruits of victory : have our statesmen won the peace our soldiers fought for? /

"Reprinted from the June issue of the U.D.C."

Traité de Paix : [entre l'empereur des Français, roi d'Italie, protecteur de la Confédération du Rhin, et l'empereur d'Autriche, roi de Hongre et de Boheme, 14 octobre 1809] Trattato di pace.

Text in french and Itlian.

A compressed view of the points to be discussed, in treating with the United States of America; A.D. 1814 : With an appendix and two maps.

Appendix: On the conduct of the government of the United States towards the Indian tribes: p. [27]-39.

The Napoleonic empire in southern Italy and the rise of the secret societies;

Appendices: A. The miracle of San Gennaro.--B. Table of measures and moneys.--C. House of Bourbon; House of Bonaparte: The Hapsburg, Bonaparte, Bourbon alliances.--D. Mary Caroline's memoirs.--E. Castlereagh's falsified dispatches.--F. Ferdinand's proclamation, 1st of May 1815.--G. Treaty of the holy alliance.--H. Carbonaro discourse.--I. Ferdinand's invitation to Laybach.--K. Bibliography for the political history of the kingdom of Naples, 1805-1821.

Lee at Appomattox, and other papers,

Lee at Appomattox.--The treaty of Washington: before and after.--The British "change of heart".--An undeveloped function.--A plea for military history.--"Shall Cromwell have a statur?"

A history of the peninsular war /

Reprint of the 1902-1930 ed. published by the Clarendon Press, Oxford.

Summary of the Allied reply presented to the Germans at Versailles, June 16th, 1919.

Mimeographed and distributed to press correspondents at the request of President Wilson.

Water-powers of Canada,

Appendices: Boundary Waters Treaty of 1909.--Bed of Navigable Waters Act, Ontario.--Electricity and Fluid Exportation Act, Canada.--Regulations under the Electricity and Fluid Exportation Act.--Form of license to export power, Canada.

Lettre d'envoi au président de la Délégation allemande de la réponse des Puissances alliées et associées = Letter to the president of the German delegation covering the reply to the Allied and Associated Powers.

Bound with the author's Réponse des Puissances alliées et associées aux remarques de la Délégation allemande sur les conditions de paix. [Paris?, 1919?]

Convention entre les cours de Vienne, de St. Pétersbourg, de Londres et de Berlin, pour fixer le sort des sept îles Ioniennes; signée à Paris le 5 novembre 1815.

With the ratification in Latin by Francis I, dated Venice, December 17, 1815.

The history of modern Europe : with a view of the progress of society from the rise of the modern kingdoms to the Peace of Paris in 1763 /

Includes bibliographical references.