Efecto de cuatro niveles de fertilizantes sobre el crecimiento y rendimiento de cinco variedades de frijol común (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) bajo el sistema de cero labranza

El experimento fue conducido para determinar el efecto de cuatro niveles de N-P-K y cinco variedades sobre el crecimiento, y rendimiento del frijol común (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) bajo el sistema de cero labranza. Dicho experimento fue realizado en un suelo franco-limoso Typic Durandept, perteneciente a la estación experimental La Compañía, municipio de San Marcos, Departamento de Carazo en época de Postrera de 1992. Se utilizó un diseño de Parcelas Divididas dispuestas en Bloques Completamente al Azar con 20 tratamientos y tres réplicas. El fertilizante fue aplicado en bandas al momento de la siembra en dosis de 0, 65, 130 y 195 kg/ha. Las variedades evaluadas fueron la REVOLUCION-79, DOR-364, DOR-391, RAB-310 y NIC-64. Los resultados demuestran que las dosis de N-P-K no presentaron efecto significativo sobre la altura de planta pero sí lo hicieron las variedades. El efecto sobre el diámetro de tallo de los niveles de N-P-K y de las variedades no fue significativo. El contenido de nutrientes (N-P-K) en los tejidos vegetales no se vio afectado por los niveles del fertilizante y las variedades. El efecto de los niveles de N-P-K sobre la mayoría de parámetros estudiados fue no significativo, pero sí lo fueron las variedades a excepción del número de vainas que no mostró efecto positivo. No se observaron claras evidencias del efecto de los diferentes niveles de N-P-K sobre el rendimiento de grano, no obstante el rendimiento fue estimulado cuando se utilizó la mayor dosis (195 kg/ha). Por su parte las variedades sí mostraron influencia significativa sobre el rendimiento de grano.

Effects of surface roughness on airframe noise

The generation of sound by turbulent boundary layer flow at low Mach number over a rough wall is investigated by applying the theoretical model which describes the scattering of the turbulence near field into sound by roughness elements. Attention is focused on the numerical method to approximately quantify the absolute level of the roughness noise radiated to far field. Empirical models for the source statistics are obtained by scaling smooth-wall data through increased skin friction velocity and boundary layer thickness for the rough surface. Numerical integration is performed to determine the roughness noise, and it reproduces the spectral characteristics of the available empirical formula and experimental data. Experiments are conducted to measure the radiated sound from two rough plates in an open jet by four 1/2'' free-field condenser microphones. The measured noise spectra of the rough plates are above that of a smooth plate in 1-2.5 kHz frequency and exhibits encouraging agreement with the predicted spectra. Also, a phased microphone array is utilized to localize the sound source, and it confirms that the rough plates generate higher source strengthes in this frequency range. A parametric study illustrates that the roughness height and roughness density significantly affect the far-field radiated roughness noise with the roughness height having the dominant effect. The estimates of the roughness noise for a Boeing 757 sized aircraft wing show that in high frequency region the sound radiated from surface roughness may exceed that from the trailing edge, and higher overall sound pressure levels for the roughness noise are also observed.

A resonant micromachined electrostatic charge sensor

A micromachined electrometer, based on the concept of a variable capacitor, has been designed, modeled, fabricated, and tested. The device presented in this paper functions as a modulated variable capacitor, wherein a dc charge to be measured is up-modulated and converted to an ac voltage output, thus improving the signal-to-noise ratio. The device was fabricated in a commercial standard SOI micromachining process without the need for any additional processing steps. The electrometer was tested in both air and vacuum at room temperature. In air, it has a charge-to-voltage conversion gain of 2.06 nV/e, and a measured charge noise floor of 52.4 e/rtHz. To reduce the effects of input leakage current, an electrically isolated capacitor has been introduced between the variable capacitor and input to sensor electronics. Methods to improve the sensitivity and resolution are suggested while the long-term stability of these sensors is modeled and discussed. © 2006 IEEE.

Influencia de diferentes cultivos antecedentes y métodos de control de malezas sobre la cenosis: el crecimiento, desarrollo y rendimiento del algodonero (Gossypium hirsutum L.) var. CEA H-373

Durante el ciclo agrícola 1988 -1989 en el centro experimental del Algodón Ubicado en la localidad de Posooltega, Chinandega se realizó un estudio con el propósito de determinar la influencia de diferentes cultivos antecedentes y métodos de control de malezas a la dinámica de las malezas y al crecimiento, desarrollo y rendimiento del cultivo del algodonero; utilizando la variedad CEA H 373.. se utilizo el diseño de parcelas divididas en bloques al azar con cuatro repeticiones y nueve tratamientos los cuales corresponden a las combinaciones de tres antecesores con tres métodos de control de malezas: se usaron los cultivos antecesores Soya sin inoculación (al), Soya inoculada (a2), Ajonjolì (a3) y los métodos de control Fluometuron 1425 cc de i.a./ha mas una limpia (b1), 2, limpia (b2) y limpias repetidas(b3). No se encontraron diferentes significativas en la influencia de los cultivos antecesores Soya sin inoculación (a1), se exibe una menor abundancia total de malezas, menor cobertura y menor biomasa permitiendo al cultivo un mejor comportamiento en su crecimiento y desarrollo. Contrario a esto el cultivo antecesor Soya sin inoculada (a2) manifestó el menor rendimiento, mayor cobertura y una abundancia total y biomasa de malezas superadas tan solo ligeramente por la originada en la influencia del cultivo antecesor Ajonjolí (a3). No hubo diferencias sustanciales en la diversidad de malezas por efecto de los diferentes cultivos procedentes como de los métodos de control de malezas. Se logró de terminar que hubo diferencias significativas en el rendimiento del algodonero en los métodos de control de malezas resultando los métodos de control químico (b1) y limpias periódicas (b3) los de mejor comportamiento. Con las limpias periódicas (b3) se produce la menor abundancia total de malezas menor a cobertura y menor biomasa. Opuesto a estos resultados, el método de una sola limpia (b2) origino la mayor abundancia total, y mayor cobertura de malezas. Al mismo tiempo este mismo método (b2) presento los menores valores para las variables de rendimientos de algodonero. Finalmente el rendimiento del algodonero se vio influenciado negativamente en 31.19 y 21.17 por la biomasa y abundancia de las malezas respectivamente.

Atuação da Anvisa na fiscalização do setor nuclear brasileiro

Consultoria Legislativa - Área XVI - Saúde Pública, Sanitarismo.

Observations of the biological communities at Bolsa Chica artificial reef

Bolsa Chica Artificial Reef (BCAR) was constructed in November 1986 with 10,400 tons of concrete rubble and eight concrete and steel barges. Prior to any additional augmentation of BCAR, the u.s. Army Corps of Engineers and the California Coastal Commission required the California Department of Fish and Game (CDFG) to survey the bioloqical communities on and around BCAR. In April 1992, qualitative surveys of the biological communities were conducted on one of the eight modules at BCAR and at a nearby sand-only site. One of the modules, Module D, located in 90 feet of water (MLLW), was surveyed for fish, macroinvertebrates, and turf community organisms (small plants and sessile animals). Twelve species of fish were observed, including kelp bass (Paralabrax clathratus) and barred sand bass (P. nebulifer). Eight macroinvertebrate species were observed, rock scallops (Crassedoma giganteum) being the most abundant. The turf community was comprised of thirteen invertebrate taxa, among which erect ectoprocts (Bugula spp.) were the most numerous. Two species of foliose red algae (Rhodymenia pacifica and Anisocladella pacifica) were also observed. The reef has reached an advanced stage of successional development with fish and invertebrate communities diverse and well established. However, due,.to its depth and the turbidity of surrounding waters, this reef is not likely to ever support a diverse algal community. The diversity and abundance of fish and macroinvertebrates were, as to be expected, much lower in the nearby sand-only site. Only two species of fish and seven macroinvertebrate species were observed. Of these, only the sea pen, Stylatula elongata, was common. Overall, when compared to nearby sand-only habitats, Bolsa Chica Artificial Reef appears to contribute substantially to the local biological productivity. In addition, the concrete rubble used in BCAR' s construction appears to be performing as well as the quarry rock used in all of CDFG's experimental reefs. (Document pdf contains 22 pages)

Coronica general de Espana que recopilaba el maestro Florian de Ocampo, coronista del Rey nuestro senor Don Felipe II

Florian de Ocampo, religioso e escritor espanhol, nasceu em Zamora entre os anos de 1490 e 1499 e morreu na mesma cidade, entre 1555 e 1559. Foi no meado cronista-real, em 1539, cargo que lhe permitiu reunir o material e dar continuidade à obra ‘Coronica general de Espana’ que já havia iniciado por conta própria. Continuada por Ambrósio de Morales a partir do volume três desta coleção, o titulo da obra é alterado nos volumes nove e dez para ‘Livro de las antiguedades de las ciudades de Espana’. Ambrósio de Morales, historiador espanhol nasceu em 1513 e morreu em 1591, na cidade de Córdoba. Estudou na Universidade de Alcalá, onde lecionou Retórica, manifestando aí seu interesse pelos estudos históricos. Foi nomeado, em 1563, cronista-mor dando continuidade à obra Coronica general de Espana, publicando em 1574 o seu primeiro volume. Na obra ‘Coronica General de Espana’, Ocampo se propunha a narrar com certa unidade a história da Espanha. Planejada em oitenta volumes, foram publicados apenas cinco: quatro em Zamora, em 1543 e um em Medina, em 1553. Nesta edição os dois primeiros volumes foram reunidos. Palau considera-a uma obra fabulosa sobre as origens dos espanhóis e da Espanha. Segundo Brunet, esta obra teve algumas reimpressões com notáveis adições em Medina dei Campo, em 1553, em Alcalá, em 1578, e em Madri no período de 1791 e 1792, em dez volumes.

The cross layer RMPA handover: a reliable mobility pattern aware handover strategy for broadband wireless communication in a high-speed railway domain

Enhancing the handover process in broadband wireless communication deployment has traditionally motivated many research initiatives. In a high-speed railway domain, the challenge is even greater. Owing to the long distances covered, the mobile node gets involved in a compulsory sequence of handover processes. Consequently, poor performance during the execution of these handover processes significantly degrades the global end-to-end performance. This article proposes a new handover strategy for the railway domain: the RMPA handover, a Reliable Mobility Pattern Aware IEEE 802.16 handover strategy "customized" for a high-speed mobility scenario. The stringent high mobility feature is balanced with three other positive features in a high-speed context: mobility pattern awareness, different sources for location discovery techniques, and a previously known traffic data profile. To the best of the authors' knowledge, there is no IEEE 802.16 handover scheme that simultaneously covers the optimization of the handover process itself and the efficient timing of the handover process. Our strategy covers both areas of research while providing a cost-effective and standards-based solution. To schedule the handover process efficiently, the RMPA strategy makes use of a context aware handover policy; that is, a handover policy based on the mobile node mobility pattern, the time required to perform the handover, the neighboring network conditions, the data traffic profile, the received power signal, and current location and speed information of the train. Our proposal merges all these variables in a cross layer interaction in the handover policy engine. It also enhances the handover process itself by establishing the values for the set of handover configuration parameters and mechanisms of the handover process. RMPA is a cost-effective strategy because compatibility with standards-based equipment is guaranteed. The major contributions of the RMPA handover are in areas that have been left open to the handover designer's discretion. Our simulation analysis validates the RMPA handover decision rules and design choices. Our results supporting a high-demand video application in the uplink stream show a significant improvement in the end-to-end quality of service parameters, including end-to-end delay (22%) and jitter (80%), when compared with a policy based on signal-to-noise-ratio information.

Analytical efficiency evaluation of a network mobility management protocol for Intelligent Transportation Systems

One of the major concerns in an Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) scenario, such as that which may be found on a long-distance train service, is the provision of efficient communication services, satisfying users' expectations, and fulfilling even highly demanding application requirements, such as safety-oriented services. In an ITS scenario, it is common to have a significant amount of onboard devices that comprise a cluster of nodes (a mobile network) that demand connectivity to the outside networks. This demand has to be satisfied without service disruption. Consequently, the mobility of the mobile network has to be managed. Due to the nature of mobile networks, efficient and lightweight protocols are desired in the ITS context to ensure adequate service performance. However, the security is also a key factor in this scenario. Since the management of the mobility is essential for providing communications, the protocol for managing this mobility has to be protected. Furthermore, there are safety-oriented services in this scenario, so user application data should also be protected. Nevertheless, providing security is expensive in terms of efficiency. Based on this considerations, we have developed a solution for managing the network mobility for ITS scenarios: the NeMHIP protocol. This approach provides a secure management of network mobility in an efficient manner. In this article, we present this protocol and the strategy developed to maintain its security and efficiency in satisfactory levels. We also present the developed analytical models to analyze quantitatively the efficiency of the protocol. More specifically, we have developed models for assessing it in terms of signaling cost, which demonstrates that NeMHIP generates up to 73.47% less signaling compared to other relevant approaches. Therefore, the results obtained demonstrate that NeMHIP is the most efficient and secure solution for providing communications in mobile network scenarios such as in an ITS context.

Photoproduction of charged pion pairs from hydrogen at energies up to 1500 MeV

Charged pion pair photoproduction has been investigated up to a gamma energy of 1500 MeV, using the Caltech 12-inch heavy liquid bubble chamber with a small diameter, high intensity photon beam passing through a central beam tube gaseous hydrogen target surrounded by the sensitive Freon. Scanning, analysis, and data reduction techniques have been developed to deal with the problems of two-vie stereo, hidden event origins, absence of magnetic field, and the range-energy and multiple scattering relationships that occur in the heavy materials. Roughly 5700 pictures have been scanned and analyzed, yielding 754 acceptable events. Cross section and parameter distributions are generally consistent with the results of previous experiments. A statistically insignificant “bump” was observed in the dipion mass spectrum in the region of 500 MeV, the disputed σ meson mass. This region was investigated as carefully as the limited statistics would allow; dipion angular distributions are consistent with isotropy, and there is indication that some of the events in this region might come from decay of an intermediate N*₁₁ (1425) into a proton and dipion.

Photographic materials on pp. 18, 20, 22, and 24 are essential and will not reproduce clearly on Xerox copies. Photographic copies should be ordered.

Cr~(2+):ZnSe的激光输出和调谐性能

Cr~(2+):ZnSe具有很宽的吸收带和发射带,是中红外波段优秀的可调谐激光材料。从吸收光谱、发射光谱以及角度调谐输出对Cr~(2+):ZnSe晶体的激光输出性能进行了研究。采用真空高温扩散法制备Cr~(2+):ZnSe晶体.获得了高浓度的Cr~(2+)离子掺杂的厚1.7 mm,直径10 mm的薄片ZnSe晶体。使用中心波长2.05μm,最大输出功率8 W的Tm离子掺杂的光纤激光器抽运,使用平凹腔结构搭建谐振腔,获得了最大平均功率1.034 W,中心波长2.367μm,线宽10 nm的连续激光输出。利用角度调谐的方法,对Cr:ZnSe晶体的调谐性能进行了研究,在100 nm范围内获得了调谐输出。

新型掺铒离子氧氟碲酸盐玻璃的光谱性质

探求新的具有优良的热学和光学性能的基质玻璃系统，是获得具有宽带宽和增益平坦的掺Er^3＋光纤放大器（EDFA）的一种有效途径。制备了一种新型氧氟碲酸盐玻璃TeO2-BaF2-LaF3，并对其热学性能和光学性质进行了测试。应用乍得-奥菲尔特（Judd-Ofelt）理论计算了Er^3＋离子的J-O理论参量和荧光寿命r。探讨了氟化物的引入对碲酸盐玻璃结构的改变的影响，并分析了其对玻璃的热学性质和光学性质的影响。实验发现，获得的氧氟碲酸盐玻璃具有优良的热学稳定性（△T=156.6C），宽的荧光半峰全宽（72nm）