Spider crab Hyas araneus larval dry weight, C/N ratio and developmental time during experiments from different latitudes (54° vs 79°N), 2010

The combined impacts of future scenarios of ocean acidification and global warming on the larvae of a cold-eurythermal spider crab, Hyas araneus L., were investigated in one of its southernmost populations (living around Helgoland, southern North Sea, 54°N) and one of the northernmost populations (Svalbard, North Atlantic, 79°N). Larvae were exposed at temperatures of 3, 9 and 15°C to present day normocapnia (380 ppm CO2) and to CO2 conditions expected for the near or medium-term future (710 ppm by 2100 and 3000 ppm CO2 by 2300 and beyond). Larval development time and biochemical composition were studied in the larval stages Zoea I, II, and Megalopa. Permanent differences in instar duration between both populations were detected in all stages, likely as a result of evolutionary temperature adaptation. With the exception of Zoea II at 3°C and under all CO2 conditions, development in all instars from Svalbard was delayed compared to those from Helgoland, under all conditions. Most prominently, development was much longer and fewer specimens morphosed to the first crab instar in the Megalopa from Svalbard than from Helgoland. Enhanced CO2 levels (710 and particularly 3000 ppm), caused extended duration of larval development and reduced larval growth (measured as dry mass) and fitness (decreasing C/N ratio, a proxy of the lipid content). Such effects were strongest in the zoeal stages in Svalbard larvae, and during the Megalopa instar in Helgoland larvae.

Use of a solvent-free dry matrix coating for quantitative matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization imaging of 4-bromophenyl-1,4-diazabicyclo(3.2.2)nonane-4-carboxylate in rat brain and quantitative analysis of the drug from laser microdissected tissue regions

A dry matrix application for matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry imaging (MALDI MSI) was used to profile the distribution of 4-bromophenyl-1,4-diazabicyclo(3.2.2)nonane-4-carboxylate, monohydrochloride (BDNC, SSR180711) in rat brain tissue sections. Matrix application involved applying layers of finely ground dry alpha-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamic acid (CHCA) to the surface of tissue sections thaw mounted onto MALDI targets. It was not possible to detect the drug when applying matrix in a standard aqueous-organic solvent solution. The drug was detected at higher concentrations in specific regions of the brain, particularly the white matter of the cerebellum. Pseudomultiple reaction monitoring imaging was used to validate that the observed distribution was the target compound. The semiquantitative data obtained from signal intensities in the imaging was confirmed by laser microdissection of specific regions of the brain directed by the imaging, followed by hydrophilic interaction chromatography in combination with a quantitative high-resolution mass spectrometry method. This study illustrates that a dry matrix coating is a valuable and complementary matrix application method for analysis of small polar drugs and metabolites that can be used for semiquantitative analysis.

Table 1: Station list with macrobenthos biomass results from the ocean floor

Among the Siberian shelf seas the Kara Sea is most strongly influenced by riverine runoff with nearly 1500 km fresh water discharge per year. This fresh water, discharged mainly by Ob and Yenisei, contains about 3.1 * 106 and 4.6 * 106 tons of total organic carbon per year, respectively (Gordeev et al. 1996). Little is known about the relevance of this organic material for biological communities, neither for the Kara Sea nor for the adjacent deep basins of the central Arctic Ocean. Aiming at elucidating the fate of fluvial matter transported from the rivers via estuaries into the central Arctic Ocean and the relative importance of marine organic matter being produced such information is crucial. Here we present calculations on the organic carbon demand of the Kara Sea macrozoobenthos based on measured biomass (total wet weight [ww] per 0.25 m ) from quantitative box corer samples and empirical relationships between biomass, annual production, annual respiration, and carbon remineralisation. This bottom-up approach may serve as a first estimate of the carbon remineralization potential of a given zoobenthos community (or area) as long as no data on in situ respiration rates are available. Our data basis comprises 54 stations sampled in summer seasons 1997, 1999 and 2000 in the Kara Sea at water depths between 10 and 68 m. The geographical area represented by stations analysed covers roughly 178 000 km**2, which is about one fifth of the total Kara Sea area. In this area, 290 species of invertebrate macrozoobenthos were identified with polychaeta, Crustacea, mollusca and echinodermata being the most abundant. For all stations analysed, mean biomass values ranged between 4.3 and 778.1 g ww/m**2 with organic carbon demands between 3.5 and 43.2 mg C/m**2/d. For the area of 178 000 km2 a preliminary total consumption of 1.4 * 10**6t Corg/y (equivalent to 21.5 mg C/m**2/d) was calculated for the macrozoobenthos. An extrapolation of our data would lead to an annual carbon demand of about 5-7 * 106 t for the whole Kara Sea macrozoobenthos (or 15.5-21.7 mg C/m2/d).

Seawater carbonate chemistry, and Lithophyllum sp. and Feldmannia spp. coverage and dry weight during experiments, 2009

Climate-driven change represents the cumulative effect of global through local-scale conditions, and understanding their manifestation at local scales can empower local management. Change in the dominance of habitats is often the product of local nutrient pollution that occurs at relatively local scales (i.e. catchment scale), a critical scale of management at which global impacts will manifest. We tested whether forecasted global-scale change [elevated carbon dioxide (CO2) and subsequent ocean acidification] and local stressors (elevated nutrients) can combine to accelerate the expansion of filamentous turfs at the expense of calcifying algae (kelp understorey). Our results not only support this model of future change, but also highlight the synergistic effects of future CO2 and nutrient concentrations on the abundance of turfs. These results suggest that global and local stressors need to be assessed in meaningful combinations so that the anticipated effects of climate change do not create the false impression that, however complex, climate change will produce smaller effects than reality. These findings empower local managers because they show that policies of reducing local stressors (e.g. nutrient pollution) can reduce the effects of global stressors not under their governance (e.g. ocean acidification). The connection between research and government policy provides an example whereby knowledge (and decision making) across local through global scales provides solutions to some of the most vexing challenges for attaining social goals of sustainability, biological conservation and economic development.

Invertebrados aquáticos no detrito de Salvinia herzogii de la Sota em lagos rasos do sul do Brasil

A colonização por invertebrados aquáticos no detrito de Salvinia herzogii foi estudada em dois lagos rasos subtropicais de diferentes estados tróficos (eutrófico e oligotrófico) localizados no campus Carreiros da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, extremo sul do Brasil. Aproximadamente 6g (peso úmido) de S. herzogii foram incubados em experimentos com litter bags (30 X 20 cm com 10 mm de malha) e a decomposição do detrito acompanhada durante 110 dias (entre setembro de 2008 e janeiro de 2009), período no qual o detrito decompôs-se cerca de 95%. Quatro réplicas foram retiradas após os intervalos de 1, 30, 60, 90 e 110 dias de incubação e o detrito foi limpo em água corrente sob peneira de 250µm de malha para que fossem retidos os organismos e depois fixados em álcool 80%. As plantas depois de limpas foram secas à 60ºC por 72 horas para obtenção do peso seco, depois trituradas, para as análises de nitrogênio e fósforo total e para obtenção do peso seco livre de cinzas, equivalente a porcentagem de massa remanescente (%R). Os invertebrados foram identificados até o menor nível taxonômico possível e depositados na coleção de Invertebrados Límnicos – ICB - FURG. Para cada amostra foram calculadas a riqueza e a densidade de táxons, os índices de diversidade de Shannon - Wiener (H’), homogeneidade de Pielou (J). Para determinar qual grupo de invertebrados foi mais importante para a estruturação da comunidade em cada lago, foi realizada a análise de espécies indicadoras (indicator especies analysis). Um total de 32.399 organismos distribuídos em 38 táxons foram registrados para os lagos estudados. Dezoito táxons foram comuns entre os lagos em cada experimento. Um total de 1.449.612 ind. 100g PS no ambiente eutrófico e 372.380 ind. 100g PS para o ambiente oligotrófico foi registrado (p=0,4771). O táxon mais abundante encontrado para o lago eutrófico foi Goeldichironomus (Chironomidae; 81% de todos os organismos coletados), enquanto queno lago oligotrófico, o táxon mais abundante foi Caenis (Caenidae; 29,1% de todos os organismos coletados). A colonização do detrito foi rápida, nas primeiras 24 horas foram registrados 10 táxons nos lagos eutrófico e oligotrófico, sendo os predadores o grupo dominante (52 e 70%, respectivamente) neste período. Durante o período do experimento,no lago eutrófico, os coletores-catadores foram os mais abundantes (91,2 % do número total de organismos), seguido de coletores-filtradores (4,7 %) e predadores (3,5 %). No lago oligotrófico, os coletores-catadores foram os mais abundantes (34,1 % do número total de organismos), seguido de predadores (26,8 %), raspadores (24,9 %) e fragmentadores (10,5 %). O Índice de diversidade acompanhou os aumentos de densidade durante os experimentos, sendo que o valor máximo observado foi no lago oligotrófico(H’=2,31) no 60º dia de incubação, enquanto que o menor valor foi registrado para o lago eutrófico (H’=0,19) no 110º dia de incubação. A taxa de decomposição de S. herzogii foi diferente no lago eutrófico (k = 0,019; R2 = 0,88) e oligotrófico (k = 0,021; R2 = 0,81),porém essa diferença não foi significativa (ANCOVA; F = 6,38 e p = 0,6755).

Periphyton on natural substratum in jurumirim reservoir (São Paulo, Brazil): Community biomass and primary productivity

Seasonal variation in the biomass and primary productivity of the periphyton on natural substratum (internodes of Echiiwchloa polystaclya HBK Hitch.) was studied during one year (from August 1993 to July 1994) in a lagoon with permanent connection with a river. We also analysed the relationships between the hydrological regime, climatic conditions and physico-chemical variables of water with the biological compounds of the periphyton. Values of dry mass, ash-free dry mass, chlorophyll a and phaeophytin of periphyton ranged from 0.55±0.24 g m-2 to 7.86±4.93 g m-2; 0.28±0.18 g m-2 to 3.72±2.23 g m-2; 0.57±0.09 mg m-2 to 15.57±4.52 mg m-2; 0.03±0.03 mg m-2 to 4.74±3.46 mg m-2, respectively. The primary productivity of periphytic algae measured by C14 method ranged from 6.45±1.29 mg C m-2 h-1 to 52.88± 7.55 mg C m-2 h-1. The biomass showed a peak in October 1993, February and April 1994. Higher value of primary productivity was recorded in December 1993 and January 1994 and was due to the peculiar light and nutrition conditions during this period. We conclude that biomass and productivity of the community are controlled mainly by hydrological regime (fluctuations of water level). © INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS.

Seaweed - epiphyte - mesograzer communities were tested for their responses to elevated seawater temperature and [CO2] in benthic mesocosms experiments across four consecutive seasons of one year in Kiel, Germany

Rising seawater temperature and CO2 concentrations (ocean acidification) represent two of the most influential factors impacting marine ecosystems in the face of global climate change. In ecological climate change research full-factorial experiments across seasons in multi-species, cross-trophic level set-ups are essential as they allow making realistic estimations about direct and indirect effects and the relative importance of both major environmental stressors on ecosystems. In benthic mesocosm experiments we tested the responses of coastal Baltic Sea Fucus vesiculosus communities to elevated seawater temperature and CO2 concentrations across four seasons of one year. While increasing [CO2] levels only had minor effects, warming had strong and persistent effects on grazers which affected the Fucus community differently depending on season. In late summer a temperature-driven collapse of grazers caused a cascading effect from the consumers to the foundation species resulting in overgrowth of Fucus thalli by epiphytes. In fall/ winter, outside the growing season of epiphytes, intensified grazing under warming resulted in a significant reduction of Fucus biomass. Thus, we confirm the prediction that future increasing water temperatures influence marine food-web processes by altering top-down control, but we also show that specific consequences for food-web structure depend on season. Since Fucus vesiculosus is the dominant habitat-forming brown algal system in the Baltic Sea, its potential decline under global warming implicates the loss of key functions and services such as provision of nutrient storage, substrate, food, shelter and nursery grounds for a diverse community of marine invertebrates and fish in Baltic Sea coastal waters.