APOPTOSIS PRODUCIDA POR SALES BILIARES EN EL EPITELIO INTESTINAL. IMPLICANCIAS EN LA ABSORCIÓN INTESTINAL DE CALCIO

En altas concentraciones, el deoxicolato de sodio (DXCS, sal biliar) produce daño hepático durante la colestasis y actúa como promotor de cáncer de colon en animales de experimentación. El estrés oxidativo que el DXCS desencadena produce alteraciones mitocondriales y del retículo endoplásmico, las cuales pueden llevar a la apoptosis. Las dietas occidentales, ricas en grasas y pobres en fibras, y el incremento de las expectativas de vida hacen que el DXCS circule mayor número de veces por el circuito enterohepático aumentando, en consecuencia, sus efectos citotóxicos. Dado que el intestino constituye la única puerta de entrada de calcio al organismo y que la absorción intestinal del catión es sensible al estrés oxidativo nos planteamos como HIPÓTESIS que el DXCS, en concentraciones fisiológicas altas, podría alterar la absorción intestinal de Ca2+, quizás por desencadenamiento de estrés oxidativo que estimularía los procesos apoptóticos de las células epiteliales, resultando en una disminución de la capacidad de transporte del catión. Para demostrar esta hipótesis, se plantearon los siguientes objetivos. OBJETIVO GENERAL: Conocer los mecanismos moleculares que pueden desencadenar altas concentraciones de DXCS en el duodeno y sus implicancias sobre la absorción intestinal de calcio. OBJETIVOS ESPECÍFICOS: 1) Analizar la histología del intestino en presencia y ausencia de altas concentraciones de DXCS.2) Determinar el efecto del DXCS sobre la absorción intestinal de calcio en función del tiempo de exposición y la dosis. 3) Evaluar el efecto del DXCS sobre la expresión de genes relacionados con la absorción intestinal de calcio. 4) Analizar la expresión de proteínas que participan en la absorción intestinal de calcio tales como Ca2+-ATPasa, intercambiador Na+/Ca2+ y CB28k. 5) Estudiar el efecto del DXCS sobre el sistema redox intestinal, a través de la cuantificación del contenido de glutatión y carbonilos, de la medición de radicales libres hidroxilo y de las actividades de las enzimas del sistema antioxidante.6) Determinar la localización subcelular y la expresión de moléculas proapoptóticas de la vía intrínseca (Bax, citocromo c) y la fragmentación del ADN como indicadores de apoptosis en enterocitos expuestos a altas concentraciones de DXCS. 7) Analizar la expresión de moléculas proapoptóticas de la vía extrínseca (Fas, FasL, etc) en enterocitos tratados con DXCS.8) Interpretar los posibles mecanismos moleculares desencadenados por el DXCS que podrían afectar el proceso global de la absorción intestinal de calcio. Metodología: Se utilizarán pollos Cobb, los cuales serán alimentados con una dieta comercial. Al cabo de cuatro semanas de edad, se dividirán en dos grupos: a) controles y b) tratados con DXCS en el lumen intestinal a diferentes tiempos y concentraciones (1-100 mM). En ellos se medirá la absorción intestinal de calcio mediante la técnica del asa intestinal ligada in situ utilizando 45Ca2+ como trazador .Se medirá la expresión de genes y proteínas que participan en la vía transcelular de calcio por RT-PCR y Western blot, respectivamente. Se estudiarán variables asociadas al estres oxidativo tales como grupos carbonilos, radicales libres hidroxilos, niveles de glutatión y se medirá la actividad de enzimas del sistema antioxidante. Se evaluarán moléculas de las vías apoptóticas extrínseca e intrínseca. Para el análisis de los datos se utilizará ANOVA seguido del test de Bonferroni en la mayoría de los estudios. El estudio de la absorción intestinal de calcio bajo la influencia del DXCS, sal biliar no conjugada que está en gran proporción en el líquido fecal, arrojará información no sólo sobre los factores moleculares que influyen sobre la absorción intestinal del Ca2+ sino también puede brindar elementos que orienten hacia el conocimiento de la etiopatogenia de enfermedades que transcurren con alteraciones en la absorción del catión como es el caso de la osteoporosis o de otras patologías óseas.

Estudio de la muerte celular por Apoptosis en el ovario de Columba maculosa y Columbina picui (Aves:Columbidae) durante el Ciclo Reproductivo Anual. Study of cell death by apoptosis in the ovary of Columba maculosa and Columbina picui (Aves: Columbidae) during the reproductive annual cycle.

En este trabajo se analizarán las características estructurales, cuantitativas y el proceso de muerte celular por apoptosis en el ovario de C. maculosa y C.picui con el objetivo de aportar conocimientos básicos a la biología reproductiva de estas aves. Cincuenta hembras adultas de cada especie se capturarán en el Dpto. Río Primero (Pcia. de Cba), R. Argentina, durante el ciclo reproductivo 2011-2012. Las muestras de ovarios se fijaran en Formalina Neutra pH 7.0, procesarán con la técnica de inclusión en parafina y colorearan con Hematoxilina /Eosina y Reacción Nuclear de Feulgen. Cinco muestras serán utilizadas para la determinación de muerte celular por apoptosis con la técnica de TUNEL. Se estudiarán las características morfohistológicas del ovario de C.maculosa y C. picui e identificarán, categorizarán y cuantificarán los folículos atrésicos no bursting (folículos atrésicos previtelogénicos y vcitelogénicos pequeños que conservan la integridad de la pared folicular) y bursting (folículos vitelogénicos mayores de 2 mm que liberar el contenido folicular por ruptura de la pared folicular) durante el ciclo reproductivo anual. Mediante la marcación de ADN fragmentado, se revelará la muerte celular por apoptosis en las células granulosas de los folículos atrésicos. Se compararán las semejanzas y diferencias estructurales y cuantitativas y el proceso de muerte celular en los folículos regresivos entre las dos especies. Los resultados de este trabajo representarán un importante aporte al conocimiento de la atresia folicular como así también a la muerte celular, un proceso estrechamente asociado a la misma, aún poco estudiado en el ovario de las aves. In this work we analyse the structural, quantitative and the process of the cell death by apoptosis in the ovary of Columba maculosa and Columbina picui in order of providing basic knowledge of reproductive biology of these birds. Fifty adult female of each species will be caught in the Río Primero (Pcia. Cba) R.Argentina, during 2011 - 2012. The ovarian samples will be fixed en neutral buffered Formalin (pH 7.0), processed with the technique of inclusion in paraffin and stained with Haematoxylin - Eosin, and nuclear Reaction of Feulgen. Five samples will be used to reveal cell death by apoptosis with the technique of TUNEL. Will be studied the morphohistological characteristics of ovary of both species, and identify, categorize and quantify the atretic follicles over the cycle, the non-bursting (pre-vitellogenic follicles and vitellogenic small < 2 mm, involution an without follicular rupture) and bursting (vitellogenic follicle > 2 mm in the which the yolk falls into the peritoneum due to rupture of with out put of the wall follicular). Will be revealed DNA fragmentation in the granulosa cells of the atretic follicles. Will compared the similaritues and differences in structure and quantitative and the cell death process by apoptosis in the regresive follicles, between the two species. The results of this study represent an important contribution to the knowledge of follicular atresia as well cell death a process closely associated with it and still poorly studied in the ovary of birds.

Expresión de las proteínas relacionadas con la proliferación celular y la apoptosis en lesiones blancas de la mucosa oral, como precursoras de la cancerización en el epitelio escamoso oral.

El cáncer de la mucosa oral es una patología muy frecuente que llega en muchos casos a conformar entre el 8 y el 10% de los tumores malignos del hombre. La baja concientización de la población general sobre el tema es un factor importante que hace que estas lesiones sean detectadas en forma tardía y cuando ya se trata de lesiones avanzadas de muy mal pronóstico. Si bien ha habido grandes avances en el diagnóstico y tratamiento de lesiones blancas de la mucosa oral como el liquen plano oral, estas lesiones siguen siendo entidades con muchos interrogantes para todos los expertos en medicina oral, sobre todo en lo referente a su proceso de aparición y a su tratamiento. Es importante la diferenciación correcta de estas lesiones, ya que el carcinoma epidermoide bucal puede aparecer también como una lesión blanca. No hay suficiente conocimiento de lo que ocurre en otras lesiones blancas de la mucosa oral no liquen plano. Para evaluar el verdadero potencial de transformación maligna de leucoplasias, liquen plano oral, reacciones liquenoides y lesiones escamosas intraepiteliales (incluídas las inducidas por acción viral) se evaluará la expresión de las proteínas relacionadas con la proliferación celular y la apoptosis en estas lesiones. Se evaluará con técnicas inmunohistoquímicas la relación de bcl-2 como marcador apoptótico en leucoplasias, liquen plano oral, lesiones escamosas intraepiteliales y carcinomas epidermoides orales, así como también en estas mismas lesiones la expresión proteica de MIB-1 (ki67), ciclina D1, p16 y p53 para valorar si las alteraciones en la expresión proteica de estos marcadores, suceden de forma secuencial a través de las distintas etapas en la cancerización del campo de cavidad oral, ya que no existe consenso en los resultados y las conclusiones obtenidas en los diferentes estudios efectuados sobre la influencia exclusiva de los marcadores apoptóticos en el desarrollo de las lesiones de algunas de las lesiones como el LPO.

Function and regulation of death-associated protein kinase1 (DAPK) in colon cancer cells and macrophage-like cell line : identifcation of p38 as a novel DAPK interacting partner during TNFα-mediated apoptosis in colon cancer

DAPK, Apoptosis, p38, macrophages, survival

Dynamics of proximal signaling events after TCR/CD8-mediated induction of proliferation or apoptosis in mature T-cells

Magdeburg, Univ., Fak. für Naturwiss., Diss., 2009

CD95-induced apoptosis in health and disease dimers at the DISC and the effect of c-FLIP R on L. Monocytogenes infection

Magdeburg, Univ., Fak. für Naturwiss., Diss., 2013

role of Gadd45β in apoptosis and autophagy

Magdeburg, Univ., Fak. für Naturwiss., Diss., 2013

apoptosis-regulator c-FLIP : functional role in urothelial carcinoma and autoimmunity and identification of novel CD95 DISC-interacting proteins

Magdeburg, Univ., Fak. für Naturwiss., Diss., 2013

Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) signaling, but not TWEAK (TNF-like weak inducer of apoptosis)-triggered cIAP1 (cellular inhibitor of apoptosis protein 1) degradation, requires cIAP1 RING dimerization and E2 binding.

Cellular inhibitor of apoptosis (cIAP) proteins, cIAP1 and cIAP2, are important regulators of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) superfamily (SF) signaling and are amplified in a number of tumor types. They are targeted by IAP antagonist compounds that are undergoing clinical trials. IAP antagonist compounds trigger cIAP autoubiquitylation and degradation. The TNFSF member TWEAK induces lysosomal degradation of TRAF2 and cIAPs, leading to elevated NIK levels and activation of non-canonical NF-kappaB. To investigate the role of the ubiquitin ligase RING domain of cIAP1 in these pathways, we used cIAP-deleted cells reconstituted with cIAP1 point mutants designed to interfere with the ability of the RING to dimerize or to interact with E2 enzymes. We show that RING dimerization and E2 binding are required for IAP antagonists to induce cIAP1 degradation and protect cells from TNF-induced cell death. The RING functions of cIAP1 are required for full TNF-induced activation of NF-kappaB, however, delayed activation of NF-kappaB still occurs in cIAP1 and -2 double knock-out cells. The RING functions of cIAP1 are also required to prevent constitutive activation of non-canonical NF-kappaB by targeting NIK for proteasomal degradation. However, in cIAP double knock-out cells TWEAK was still able to increase NIK levels demonstrating that NIK can be regulated by cIAP-independent pathways. Finally we show that, unlike IAP antagonists, TWEAK was able to induce degradation of cIAP1 RING mutants. These results emphasize the critical importance of the RING of cIAP1 in many signaling scenarios, but also demonstrate that in some pathways RING functions are not required.

Viral FLICE-inhibitory proteins (FLIPs) prevent apoptosis induced by death receptors.

Viruses have evolved many distinct strategies to avoid the host's apoptotic response. Here we describe a new family of viral inhibitors (v-FLIPs) which interfere with apoptosis signalled through death receptors and which are present in several gamma-herpesviruses (including Kaposi's-sarcoma-associated human herpesvirus-8), as well as in the tumorigenic human molluscipoxvirus. v-FLIPs contain two death-effector domains which interact with the adaptor protein FADD, and this inhibits the recruitment and activation of the protease FLICE by the CD95 death receptor. Cells expressing v-FLIPs are protected against apoptosis induced by CD95 or by the related death receptors TRAMP and TRAIL-R. The herpesvirus saimiri FLIP is detected late during the lytic viral replication cycle, at a time when host cells are partially protected from CD95-ligand-mediated apoptosis. Protection of virus-infected cells against death-receptor-induced apoptosis may lead to higher virus production and contribute to the persistence and oncogenicity of several FLIP-encoding viruses.

Peptabody-EGF: a novel apoptosis inducer targeting ErbB1 receptor overexpressing cancer cells.

The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) plays a central role in cell life by controlling processes such as growth or proliferation. This receptor is commonly overexpressed in a number of epithelial malignancies and its upregulation is often associated with an aggressive phenotype of the tumor. Thus, targeting of EGFR represents a very promising challenge in oncology, and antibodies raised against this receptor have been investigated as potential antitumor agents. Various putative mechanisms of action were proposed for such antibodies, including decreased proliferation, induction of apoptosis, stimulation of the immunological response against targeted cancer cells or combinations thereof. We report here the development of an alternative high affinity molecule that is directed against EGFR. Production of this pentameric protein, named peptabody-EGF, includes expression in a bacterial expression system and subsequent refolding and multimerization of peptabody monomers. The protein complex contains 5 human EGF ligand domains, which confer specific binding towards the extracellular portion of EGFR. Receptor binding of the peptabody-EGF had a strong antiproliferative effect on different cancer cell lines overexpressing EGFR. However, cells expressing constitutive levels of the target receptor were barely affected. Peptabody-EGF treated cancer cells exhibited typical characteristics of apoptosis, which was found to be induced within 30 min after the addition of the peptabody-EGF. In vitro experiments demonstrated a significantly higher binding activity for peptabody-EGF than for the therapeutic monoclonal EGFR antibody Mab-425. Furthermore, the antitumor action provoked by the peptabody-EGF was greatly superior than antibody mediated effects when tested on EGFR overexpressing cancer cell lines. These findings suggest a potential application of this high affinity molecule as a novel tool for anti-EGFR therapy.

Cutting edge: apoptosis of superantigen-activated T cells occurs preferentially after a discrete number of cell divisions in vivo.

Staphylococcal enterotoxins are bacterial products that display superantigen activity in vitro as well as in vivo. For instance, staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB) polyclonally activates T cells that bear the Vbeta8 gene segment of the TCR. SEB-activated T cells undergo a burst of proliferation that is followed by apoptosis. Using an in vivo adaptation of a fluorescent cell division monitoring technique, we show here that SEB-activated T cells divide asynchronously, and that apoptosis of superantigen-activated T cells is preferentially restricted to cells which have undergone a discrete number of cell divisions. Collectively, our data suggest that superantigen-activated T cells are programmed to undergo a fixed number of cell divisions before undergoing apoptosis. A delayed death program may provide a mechanistic compromise between effector functions and homeostasis of activated T cells.

Macrophages induce neutrophil apoptosis through membrane TNF, a process amplified by Leishmania major.

Neutrophils are recruited to the site of parasite inoculation within a few hours of infection with the protozoan parasite Leishmania major. In C57BL/6 mice, which are resistant to infection, neutrophils are cleared from the site of s.c. infection within 3 days, whereas they persist for at least 10 days in susceptible BALB/c mice. In the present study, we investigated the role of macrophages (MPhi) in regulating neutrophil number. Inflammatory cells were recruited by i.p. injection of either 2% starch or L. major promastigotes. Neutrophils were isolated and cultured in the presence of increasing numbers of MPhi. Extent of neutrophil apoptosis positively correlated with the number of MPhi added. This process was strictly dependent on TNF because MPhi from TNF-deficient mice failed to induce neutrophil apoptosis. Assays using MPhi derived from membrane TNF knock-in mice or cultures in Transwell chambers revealed that contact with MPhi was necessary to induce neutrophil apoptosis, a process requiring expression of membrane TNF. L. major was shown to exacerbate MPhi-induced apoptosis of neutrophils, but BALB/c MPhi were not as potent as C57BL/6 MPhi in this induction. Our results emphasize the importance of MPhi-induced neutrophil apoptosis, and membrane TNF in the early control of inflammation.

Dominant negative MyD88 proteins inhibit interleukin-1beta /interferon-gamma -mediated induction of nuclear factor kappa B-dependent nitrite production and apoptosis in beta cells.

Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus is an autoimmune disease in which pancreatic islet beta cells are destroyed by a combination of immunological and inflammatory mechanisms. In particular, cytokine-induced production of nitric oxide has been shown to correlate with beta cell apoptosis and/or inhibition of insulin secretion. In the present study, we investigated whether the interleukin (IL)-1beta intracellular signal transduction pathway could be blocked by overexpression of dominant negative forms of the IL-1 receptor interacting protein MyD88. We show that overexpression of the Toll domain or the lpr mutant of MyD88 in betaTc-Tet cells decreased nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kappaB) activation upon IL-1beta and IL-1beta/interferon (IFN)-gamma stimulation. Inducible nitric oxide synthase mRNA accumulation and nitrite production, which required the simultaneous presence of IL-1beta and IFN-gamma, were also suppressed by approximately 70%, and these cells were more resistant to cytokine-induced apoptosis as compared with parental cells. The decrease in glucose-stimulated insulin secretion induced by IL-1beta and IFN-gamma was however not prevented. This was because these dysfunctions were induced by IFN-gamma alone, which decreased cellular insulin content and stimulated insulin exocytosis. These results demonstrate that IL-1beta is involved in inducible nitric oxide synthase gene expression and induction of apoptosis in mouse beta cells but does not contribute to impaired glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. Furthermore, our data show that IL-1beta cellular actions can be blocked by expression of MyD88 dominant negative proteins and, finally, that cytokine-induced beta cell secretory dysfunctions are due to the action of IFN-gamma.