Acquired differential regulation of caspase-8 in cisplatin-resistant non-small-cell lung cancer

Failure to efficiently induce apoptosis contributes to cisplatin resistance in non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Although BCL-2-associated X protein (BAX) and BCL-2 antagonist killer (BAK) are critical regulators of the mitochondrial apoptosis pathway, their requirement has not been robustly established in relation to cisplatin. Here, we show that cisplatin can efficiently bypass mitochondrial apoptosis block caused by loss of BAX and BAK, via activation of the extrinsic death receptor pathway in some model cell lines. Apoptosis resistance following cisplatin can only be observed when both extrinsic and intrinsic pathways are blocked, consistent with redundancy between mitochondrial and death receptor pathways in cisplatin-induced apoptosis. In H460 NSCLC cells, caspase-8 cleavage was shown to be induced by cisplatin and is dependent on death receptor 4, death receptor 5, Fas-associated protein with death domain, acid sphingomyelinase and ceramide synthesis. In contrast, cisplatin-resistant cells fail to activate caspase-8 via this pathway despite conserving sensitivity to death ligand-driven activation. Accordingly, caspase-8 activation block acquired during cisplatin resistance, can be bypassed by death receptor agonism.

Prognostic and therapeutic relevance of FLIP and procaspase-8 overexpression in non-small cell lung cancer

Non-small cell lung carcinoma remains by far the leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Overexpression of FLIP, which blocks the extrinsic apoptotic pathway by inhibiting caspase-8 activation, has been identified in various cancers. We investigated FLIP and procaspase-8 expression in NSCLC and the effect of HDAC inhibitors on FLIP expression, activation of caspase-8 and drug resistance in NSCLC and normal lung cell line models. Immunohistochemical analysis of cytoplasmic and nuclear FLIP and procaspase-8 protein expression was carried out using a novel digital pathology approach. Both FLIP and procaspase-8 were found to be significantly overexpressed in tumours, and importantly, high cytoplasmic expression of FLIP significantly correlated with shorter overall survival. Treatment with HDAC inhibitors targeting HDAC1-3 downregulated FLIP expression predominantly via post-transcriptional mechanisms, and this resulted in death receptor- and caspase-8-dependent apoptosis in NSCLC cells, but not normal lung cells. In addition, HDAC inhibitors synergized with TRAIL and cisplatin in NSCLC cells in a FLIP- and caspase-8-dependent manner. Thus, FLIP and procaspase-8 are overexpressed in NSCLC, and high cytoplasmic FLIP expression is indicative of poor prognosis. Targeting high FLIP expression using HDAC1-3 selective inhibitors such as entinostat to exploit high procaspase-8 expression in NSCLC has promising therapeutic potential, particularly when used in combination with TRAIL receptor-targeted agents.

Voltammetric, spectroscopic, and microscopic investigations of electrocrystallized forms of semiconducting AgTCNQ (TCNQ=7,7,8,8-tetracyanoquinodimethane) exhibiting different morphologies and colors

Chemically synthesized AgTCNQ exists in two forms that differ in their morphologies (needles and microcrystals) and colors (red and blue). It is now shown that both forms exhibit essentially indistinguishable X-ray diffraction, spectroscopic, and thermochemical data, implying that they are not separate phases, as implied in some literature. Electrochemical reduction of TCNQ((MeCN)) in the presence of Ag+((MeCN)) generates both red and blue AgTCNQ. On glassy carbon, platinum, or indium tin oxide electrodes and at relatively positive deposition potentials, slow growth of high aspect ratio, red needle AgTCNQ crystals occurs. After longer times and at more negative deposition potentials, blue microcrystalline AgTCNQ thin films are favored. Blue AgTCNQ is postulated to be generated via reduction of a Ag+\[(TCNQ(center dot-))(TCNQ)]((MeCN)) intermediate. At even more negative potentials, Ag-(metal) formation inhibits further growth of AgTCNQ. On a gold electrode, Ag-(metal)) deposition occurs at more positive potentials than on the other electrode materials examined. However, surface plasmon resonance data indicate (hat a small potential region is available between the stripping of Ag-(metal)) and the oxidation of TCNQ(center dot-)(MeCN) back to TCNQ(MeCN) where AgTCNQ may form. AgTCNQ in both the red and blue forms also can be prepared electrochemically on a TCNQ((s)) modified electrode in -0.1 M AgNO3(aq) where deposition of Ag(m,,,I) onto the TCNQ((s)) crystals allows a charge transfer process to occur. However, the morphology formed in this solid-solid phase transformation is more difficult to control.

A modified particle swarm optimization for correlated phenomena

The wide applicability of correlation analysis inspired the development of this paper. In this paper, a new correlated modified particle swarm optimization (COM-PSO) is developed. The Correlation Adjustment algorithm is proposed to recover the correlation between the considered variables of all particles at each of iterations. It is shown that the best solution, the mean and standard deviation of the solutions over the multiple runs as well as the convergence speed were improved when the correlation between the variables was increased. However, for some rotated benchmark function, the contrary results are obtained. Moreover, the best solution, the mean and standard deviation of the solutions are improved when the number of correlated variables of the benchmark functions is increased. The results of simulations and convergence performance are compared with the original PSO. The improvement of results, the convergence speed, and the ability to simulate the correlated phenomena by the proposed COM-PSO are discussed by the experimental results.

Solid-state structure of some substituted hexahydro-1,4:5,8-diepoxy­naphthalenes

The structure of several carboxy-substituted hexahydro-1,4:5,8-diepoxynaphthalenes have been solved with X-ray crystallography, in some cases confirming previously contentious structures. The compounds of interest are constructed in efficient one-step 2 × [4+2] cycloaddition reactions from furan and acetylene carboxylate derivatives.

Competitive charge-remote and anion-induced fragmentations of the non-8-enoate anion. A charge-remote reaction which co-occurs with hydrogen scrambling

The non-8-enoate anion undergoes losses of the elements of C3H6, C4H8 and C6H12 on collisional activation, The mechanisms of these processes have been elucidated by a combination of product ion and labelling (H-2 and C-13) studies, together with a neutralisation reionisation mass spectrometric study. These studies allow the following conclusions to be made. (i) The loss of C3H6 involves cyclisation of the enolate anion of non-8-enoic acid to yield the cyclopentyl carboxylate anion and propene. (ii) The loss of 'C4H8' is a charge-remote process (one which proceeds remote from the charged centre) which yields the pent-4-enoate anion, butadiene and dihydrogen. This process co-occurs and competes with complex H scrambling. (iii) The major loss of 'C6H12' occurs primarily by a charge-remote process yielding the acrylate anion, hexa-1,5-diene and dihydrogen, but in this case no H scrambling accompanies the process. (iv) It is argued that the major reason why the two charge-remote processes occur in preference to anion-induced losses of but-l-ene and hex-l-ene from the respective 4- and 2-anions is that although these anions are formed, they have alternative and lower energy fragmentation pathways than those involving the losses of but-l-ene and hex-l-ene; viz. the transient 4-anion undergoes facile proton transfer to yield a more stable anion, whereas the 2-(enolate) anion undergoes preferential cyclisation followed by elimination of propene [see (i) above].

1,3,6,8-Tetrasubstituted Pyrenes: Solution-Processable Materials for Application in Organic Electronics

(Equation Presented). A series of star-shaped organic semiconductors have been synthesized from 1,3,6,8-tetrabromopyrene. The materials are soluble in common organic solvents allowing for solution processing of devices such as light-emitting diodes (OLEDs). One of the materials, 1,3,6,8-tetrakis(4- butoxyphenyl)pyrene, has been used as the active emitting layer in simple solution-processed OLEDs with deep blue emission (CIE = 0.15, 0.18) and maximum efficiencies and brightness levels of 2.56 cd/A and >5000 cd/m2, respectively.

Doppler and Pathloss Characterization for Vehicle-to-Vehicle communications at 5.8 GHz

Due to significant increase in vehicular accident and traffic congestions, vehicle to vehicle (V2V) communication based on the intelligent transport system (ITS) was introduced. However, to carry out efficient design and implementation of a reliable vehicular communication systems,a deep knowledge of the propagation channel characteristics in different environments is crucial, in particular the Doppler and pathloss parameters. Therefore, this paper presents an empirical V2V channel characterization and measurement performed under realistic urban, suburban and highway driving conditions in Brisbane, Australia. Based on Lin Cheng statistical Doppler Model (LCDM), values for the RMS Doppler spread and coherence time due to time selective nature of V2V channels were presented. Also, based on Log-distance power law model, values for the mean pathloss exponent and the standard deviation of shadowing were reported for urban, suburban and highway environments. The V2V channel parameters can be useful to system designers for the purpose of evaluating, simulating and developing new protocols and systems.

Highly sensitive electrochemical sensor for nitric oxide using the self-assembled monolayer of 1,8,15,22-tetraaminophthalo-cyanatocobalt(II) on glassy carbon electrode

Glassy carbon (GC) electrode modified with a self-assembled monolayer (SAM) of 1,8,15,22-tetraaminophthalocyanatocobalt(II) (4α-CoIITAPc) was used for the selective and highly sensitive determination of nitric oxide (NO). The SAM of 4α-CoIITAPc was formed on GC electrode by spontaneous adsorption from DMF containing 1 mM 4α-CoIITAPc. The SAM showed two pairs of well-defined redox peaks corresponding to CoIII/CoII and CoIIIPc−1/CoIIIPc−2 in 0.2 M phosphate buffer (PB) solution (pH 2.5). The SAM modified electrode showed excellent electrocatalytic activity towards the oxidation of nitric oxide (NO) by enhancing its oxidation current with 310 mV less positive potential shift when compared to bare GC electrode. In amperometric measurements, the current response for NO oxidation was linearly increased in the concentration range of 3×10−9 to 30×10−9 M with a detection limit of 1.4×10−10 M (S/N=3). The proposed method showed a better recovery for NO in human blood serum samples.

Adsorption thermodynamics and kinetics study for the self-assembly of 1,8,15,22-tetraaminophthalocyanatocobalt(II) on glassy carbon surface

Spontaneous adsorption of 1,8,15,22-tetraaminophthalocyanatocobalt(II) (4α-CoIITAPc) on glassy carbon (GC) electrode leads to the formation of a stable self-assembled monolayer (SAM). Since the SAM of 4α-CoIITAPc is redox active, its adsorption on GC electrode was followed by cyclic voltammetry. SAM of 4α-CoIITAPc on GC electrode shows two pairs of well-defined redox peaks corresponding to CoIII/CoII and CoIIIPc−1/CoIIIPc−2. The surface coverage (Γ) value, calculated by integrating the charge under CoII oxidation, was used to study the adsorption thermodynamics and kinetics of 4α-CoIITAPc on GC surface. Cyclic voltammetric studies show that the adsorption of 4α-CoIITAPc on GC electrode has reached the saturation coverage (Γs) within 3 h. The Γs value for the SAM of 4α-CoIITAPc on GC electrode was found to be 2.37 × 10−10 mol cm−2. Gibbs free energy (ΔGads) and adsorption rate constant (kad) for the adsorption of 4α-CoIITAPc on GC surface were found to be −16.76 kJ mol−1 and 7.1 M−1 s−1, respectively. The possible mechanism for the self-assembly of 4α-CoIITAPc on GC surface is through the addition of nucleophilic amines to the olefinic bond on the GC surface in addition to a meager contribution from π stacking. The contribution of π stacking was confirmed from the adsorption of unsubstituted phthalocyanatocobalt(II) (CoPc) on GC electrode. Raman spectra for the SAM of 4α-CoIITAPc on carbon surface shows strong stretching and breathing bands of Pc macrocycle, pyrrole ring and isoindole ring. Raman and CV studies suggest that 4α-CoIITAPc is adopting nearly a flat orientation or little bit tilted orientation.

Electrochemical and spectral studies of self-assembled monolayer of 1,8,15,22-tetraaminophthalocyanatocobalt(II) on indium tin oxide surface

Self-assembled monolayer (SAM) of 1,8,15,22-tetraaminophthalocyanatocobalt(II) (4α-CoIITAPc) was prepared on indium tin oxide (ITO) electrode by spontaneous adsorption from dimethylformamide (DMF) solution containing 4α-CoIITAPc. The SAM of 4α-CoIITAPc formed on ITO electrode was characterized by cyclic voltammetry, Raman and UV–visible spectroscopic techniques. The cyclic voltammogram (CV) of 4α-CoIITAPc SAM shows two pairs of well-defined redox peaks corresponding to CoIII/CoII and CoIIIPc−1/CoIIIPc−2. The surface coverage (Γ) was calculated by integrating the charge under the anodic wave corresponding to CoII oxidation and it was found to be 2.25 × 10−10 mol cm−2. Raman spectrum obtained for the SAM of 4α-CoIITAPc on ITO surface shows strong stretching and breathing bands of Pc macrocycle, pyrrole ring and isoindole ring. Further, the –NH2 bending mode of vibration was absent for the SAM of 4α-CoIITAPc on ITO surface which indirectly confirmed that all the amino groups of 4α-CoIITAPc are involved in bonding with ITO surface. UV–visible spectrum for the SAM of 4α-CoIITAPc on ITO surface shows an intense B-band, Q-band and n–π∗ transition with slight broadening when compared to that of 4α-CoIITAPc in DMF.

Selective electrochemical epinephrine sensor using self-assembled monomolecular film of 1,8,15,22-tetraaminophthalocyanatonickel(II) on gold electrode

This article describes the highly sensitive and selective determination of epinephrine (EP) using self-assembled monomolecular film (SAMF) of 1,8,15,22-tetraamino-phthalocyanatonickel(II) (4α-NiIITAPc) on Au electrode. The 4α-NiIITAPc SAMF modified electrode was prepared by spontaneous adsorption of 4α-NiIITAPc from dimethylformamide solution. The modified electrode oxidizes EP at less over potential with enhanced current response in contrast to the bare Au electrode. The standard heterogeneous rate constant (k°) for the oxidation of EP at 4α-NiIITAPc SAMF modified electrode was found to be 1.94×10−2 cm s−1 which was much higher than that at the bare Au electrode. Further, it was found that 4α-NiIITAPc SAMF modified electrode separates the voltammetric signals of ascorbic acid (AA) and EP with a peak separation of 250 mV. Using amperometric method the lowest detection limit of 50 nM of EP was achieved at SAMF modified electrode. Simultaneous amperometric determination of AA and EP was also achieved at the SAMF modified electrode. Common physiological interferents such as uric acid, glucose, urea and NaCl do not interfere within the potential window of EP oxidation. The present 4α-NiIITAPc SAMF modified electrode was also successfully applied to determine the concentration of EP in commercially available injection.

Adapting “8-bit” motion style to 3D computer animation for Wreck-it Ralph

Tangled (2011) demonstrated that Walt Disney Animation has successfully extended the traditional Disney animation aesthetic to the 3D medium. The very next film produced by the studio however, Wreck-it Ralph (2012), required the animators (trained in the traditional Disney style) to develop a limited style of animation inspired by the 8-bit motion of 1980s video games. This paper examines the 8-bit style motion in Wreck-it Ralph to understand if and how the principles of animation were adapted for the film.

SEM, EDX and vibrational spectroscopic study of the mineral tunisite NaCa2Al4(CO3)4Cl(OH)8

The mineral tunisite has been studied by using a combination of scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence and vibrational spectroscopy. Chemical analysis shows the presence of Na, Ca, Al and Cl. SEM shows a pure single phase. An intense Raman band at 1127 cm−1 is assigned to the carbonate ν1 symmetric stretching vibration and the Raman band at 1522 cm−1 is assigned to the ν3 carbonate antisymmetric stretching vibration. Infrared bands are observed in similar positions. Multiple carbonate bending modes are found. Raman bands attributable to AlO stretching and bending vibrations are observed. Two Raman bands at 3419 and 3482 cm−1 are assigned to the OH stretching vibrations of the OH units. Vibrational spectroscopy enables aspects of the molecular structure of the carbonate mineral tunisite to be assessed.

Antibodies against human herpesvirus 8 in black South African patients with cancer

Background Infection with human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8) has been consistently linked to Kaposi's sarcoma, but its mode of transmission, association with other cancers, and interaction with the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) are largely unknown. Methods Between January 1992 and December 1997, we interviewed 3591 black patients with cancer in Johannesburg and Soweto, South Africa. Blood was tested for antibodies against HIV-1 and HHV-8 in 3344 of the patients. Antibodies against HHV-8 were detected with an indirect immunofluorescence assay. The intensity of the fluorescent signal correlated well with the titers of antibodies (P<0.001). The relations among the presence of anti–HHV-8 antibodies, sociodemographic and behavioral factors, type of cancer, and the presence or absence of coexistent HIV-1 infection were examined with the use of unconditional logistic-regression models. Results Among the 3293 subjects with cancers other than Kaposi's sarcoma, the standardized seroprevalence of antibodies against HHV-8 was 32 percent, which did not differ significantly from the standardized seroprevalence among black blood donors. Among these 3293 patients, the prevalence of antibodies against HHV-8 increased with increasing age (P<0.001) and an increasing number of sexual partners (P=0.05) and decreased with increasing years of education (P=0.007); it was not strongly associated with HIV-1 infection. Anti–HHV-8 antibodies were more frequent among black than white blood donors (P<0.001). Among the 51 patients with Kaposi's sarcoma, the standardized seroprevalence of antibodies against HHV-8 was 83 percent, significantly higher than the prevalence among those without Kaposi's sarcoma (P<0.001). For 16 other specific types of cancer, including multiple myeloma (108 cases) and prostate cancer (202 cases), the variation in the standardized seroprevalence of antibodies against HHV-8 was not remarkable. At a given intensity of fluorescence of anti–HHV-8 antibodies, Kaposi's sarcoma was more frequent among HIV-1–positive patients than among those who were HIV-1–negative (P<0.001). Conclusions Among black patients with cancer in South Africa, the seroprevalence of anti–HHV-8 antibodies is high and is specifically associated with Kaposi's sarcoma, particularly at high titers.