Food waste valorization through the production of polyhydroxyalkanoates by mixed microbial cultures

Dissertação para obtenção do Grau de Mestre em Engenharia Química e Bioquímica

Valorization of grape pomace through hot compressed water extraction/hydrolysis

The world energy consumption is expected to increase strongly in coming years, because of the emerging economies. Biomass is the only renewable carbon resource that is abundant enough to be used as a source of energy Grape pomace is one of the most abundant agro-industrial residues in the world, being a good biomass resource. The aim of this work is the valorization of grape pomace from white grapes (WWGP) and from red grapes (RWGP), through the extraction of phenolic compounds with antioxidant activity, as well as through the extraction/hydrolysis of carbohydrates, using subcritical water, or hot compressed water (HCW). The main focus of this work is the optimization of the process for WWGP, while for RWGP only one set of parameters were tested. The temperatures used were 170, 190 and 210 °C for WWGP, and 180 °C for RWGP. The water flow rates were 5 and 10 mL/min, and the pressure was always kept at 100 bar. Before performing HCW assays, both residues were characterized, revealing that WWGP is very rich in free sugars (around 40%) essentially glucose and fructose, while RWGP has higher contents of structural sugars, lignin, lipids and protein. For WWGP the best results were achieved at 210 °C and 10 mL/min: higher yield in water soluble compounds (69 wt.%), phenolics extraction (26.2 mg/g) and carbohydrates recovery (49.3 wt.% relative to the existing 57.8%). For RWGP the conditions were not optimized (180 °C and 5 mL/min), and the values of the yield in water soluble compounds (25 wt.%), phenolics extraction (19.5 mg/g) and carbohydrates recovery (11.4 wt.% relative to the existing 33.5%) were much lower. The antioxidant activity of the HCW extracts from each assay was determined, the best result being obtained for WWGP, namely for extracts obtained at 210 °C (EC50=20.8 μg/mL; EC50 = half maximum effective concentration; EC50 = 22.1 μg/mL for RWGP, at 180 ºC).

Um método prático para germinar sementes de pupunha (Bactris gasipaes H. B. K.)

The pejibaye heart of palm is becoming an agro-industrial export crop in Latin America. The nurseryman needs an efficient, cheap method for germinating large quantities of seed that are currently difficult to obtain. A new method is described for germinating large quantities of seed, in small areas, with 90+% germination within a month. This is better than previously used methods and is recommended for agro-industry scale enterprises.

Cheese whey: a cost-effective alternative for hyaluronic acid production by Streptococcus zooepidemicus

This study focuses on the optimization of cheese whey formulated media for the production of hyaluronic acid HA by Streptococcus zooepidemicus. Culture media containing whey (W; 2.1 g/L) or whey hydrolysate (WH; 2.4 g/L) gave the highest HA productions. Both W and WH produced high yields on protein consumed, suggesting cheese whey is a good nitrogen source for S. zooepidemicus production of HA. Polysaccharide concentrations of 4.0 g/L and 3.2 g/L were produced in W and WH in a further scale-up to 5 L bioreactors, confirming the suitability of the low-cost nitrogen source. Cheese whey culture media provided high molecular weight (> 3000 kDa) HA products. This study revealed replacing the commercial peptone by the low-cost alternative could reduce HA production costs by up to a 70%compared to synthetic media.

Optimization of low-cost nutritional supplementation for lignocellulosic ethanol fermentation

[Excerpt] Bioethanol from lignocellulosic materials (LCM), also called second generation bioethanol, is considered a promising alternative to first generation bioethanol. An efficient production process of lignocellulosic bioethanol involves an effective pretreatment of LCM to improve the accessibility of cellulose and thus enhance the enzymatic saccharification. One interesting approach is to use the whole slurry from treatment, since allows economical and industrial benefits: washing steps are avoided, water consumption is lower and the sugars from liquid phase can be used, increasing ethanol concentration [1]. However, during the pretreatment step some compounds (such as furans, phenolic compounds and weak acids) are produced. These compounds have an inhibitory effect on the microorganisms used for hydrolysate fermentation [2]. To overcome this, the use of a robust industrial strain together with agro-industrial by-products as nutritional supplementation was proposed to increase the ethanol productivities and yields. (...)

Gestión del diseño y la innovación en la relación universidad - entramado socio-productivo.

El problema que aborda la investigación es la falta de transferencia de conocimientos de diseño + innovación (arquitectura, diseño industrial, diseño gráfico, etc.) al sistema socio productivo de la provincia de Córdoba, lo cuál afecta la productividad y la competitividad de las empresas y, por otra parte, dificulta la inserción laboral de los profesionales formados en las universidades del medio. La provincia de Córdoba posee un importante potencial industrial que intenta contrabalancear el predominio de la región metropolitana de Buenos Aires. Las áreas de mayor desarrollo son la automotriz, metal-mecánica, agro-industrial, la construcción y la alimentaria. El diseño correctamente gestionado, constituye una fuente de ventajas comparativas, una eficaz metodología para la innovación de productos y procesos y un factor de rentabilidad económica. Por otro lado, existe una falta de respuesta a problemas relacionados al diseño, (como los aspectos relativos a la calidad de vida, la responsabilidad social y la protección del ambiente, por mencionar algunos) que no son formulados como prioridades cuantitativas en los productos de diseño promovidos por las empresas. En este sentido, las Universidades de la Red cuentan con instrumentos específicos a nivel de grado y postgrado para promover la interrelación entre Universidad, Empresas y ONGs de la Provincia. La carrera de Diseño Industrial de la Universidad Nacional de Córdoba y la Maestría en Diseño de la Universidad Católica de Córdoba han estado cooperando desde inicios del 2009 en la conformación del Programa Córdoba Diseña del Ministerio de Ciencia y Tecnología de la Provincia de Córdoba, que tiene el objetivo de "desarrollar y orientar las capacidades de análisis, evaluación y asistencia técnica en temas referidos al Diseño para el gobierno, las empresas, las universidades y centros de investigación". En el marco de ese programa del que las universidades participantes son miembros, existe un diagnóstico incipiente de los requerimientos de las empresas y de la actividad de los diseñadores en la provincia. Al mismo tiempo, se ve necesario recabar datos sobre los requerimientos de diseño desde el sector de organizaciones no gubernamentales y sin fines de lucro. A los efectos de contar con un relevamiento que posibilite un diagnóstico más preciso, es necesario sistematizar y cruzar los datos que se derivan de: la conformación del entramado socio-productivo de la provincia, la oferta académica y el capital humano que estamos formando en las Universidades. Ambas universidades integrantes de la Red, cuentan con una reconocida trayectoria en el Área de Diseño y con capital humano de diferentes disciplinas (diseño industrial, arquitectura, gestión pública, sociología, etc.) para llevar adelante el proyecto. Los resultados del proyecto servirán para formular un marco teórico específico, fundamentar estrategias de mejoramiento de la calidad académica, delinear propuestas de sistemas asociativos y definición de prioridades de líneas de investigación para mejorar la eficiencia de la relación Universidades-Empresas-Sociedad. Por otra parte, posibilitarán relevar las demandas del medio-socio productivo en términos de la formación profesional requerida, la inserción de los profesionales y la importancia de la innovación en tanto valor agregado a productos y procesos en el entramado socio-productivo de la provincial de Córdoba. OBJETIVOS - Analizar, sistematizar y consolidar información respecto a la experiencia acumulada, las capacidades actuales y las potencialidades en materia de diseño e innovación en Córdoba; - Identificar las empresas del medio productivo local y las organizaciones del tercer sector que demandan profesionales formados en diseño e innovación, e indagar sobre los requerimientos que plantean en términos de competencias y formacion académica; -Identificar los desfasajes que pudieran existir en relación a la demanda que plantea el medio productivo.

GESTIÓN DEL DISEÑO Y LA INNOVACIÓN EN LA RELACIÓN UNIVERSIDAD - ENTRAMADO SOCIO-PRODUCTIVO

PROBLEMA DE INVESTIGACION El problema que aborda la investigación es la falta de transferencia de conocimientos de diseño + innovación (arquitectura, diseño industrial, diseño gráfico, etc.) al sistema socio productivo de la provincia de Córdoba, lo cuál afecta la productividad y la competitividad de las empresas y, por otra parte, dificulta la inserción laboral de los profesionales formados en las universidades del medio. La provincia de Córdoba posee un importante potencial industrial que intenta contrabalancear el predominio de la región metropolitana de Buenos Aires. Las áreas de mayor desarrollo son la automotriz, metal-mecánica, agro-industrial, la construcción y la alimentaría. El diseño correctamente gestionado, constituye una fuente de ventajas comparativas, una eficaz metodología para la innovación de productos y procesos y un factor de rentabilidad económica. Por otro lado, existe una falta de respuesta a problemas relacionados al diseño, (como los aspectos relativos a la calidad de vida, la responsabilidad social y la protección del ambiente, por mencionar algunos) que no son formulados como prioridades cuantitativas en los productos de diseño promovidos por las empresas. En este sentido, las Universidades de la Red, cuentan con instrumentos específicos a nivel de grado y postgrado para promover la interrelación entre Universidad, Empresas y Ongs de la Provincia. La carrera de Diseño Industrial de la Universidad Nacional de Córdoba y la Maestría en Diseño de la Universidad Católica de Córdoba han estado cooperando desde inicios del 2009 en la conformación del Programa Córdoba Diseña del Ministerio de Ciencia y Tecnología de la Provincia de Córdoba, que tiene el objetivo de "desarrollar y orientar las capacidades de análisis, evaluación y asistencia técnica en temas referidos al Diseño, para el gobierno, las empresas, las universidades y centros de investigación". En el marco de ese programa del que las universidades participantes son miembros, existe un diagnóstico incipiente de los requerimientos de las empresas, y de la actividad de los diseñadores en la provincia. Al mismo tiempo, se ve necesario recabar datos sobre los requerimientos de diseño desde el sector de organizaciones no gubernamentales y sin fines de lucro. A los efectos de contar con un relevamiento que posibilite un diagnóstico más preciso, es necesario sistematizar y cruzar los datos que se derivan de: la conformación del entramado socio-productivo de la provincia, la oferta académica y el capital humano que estamos formando en las Universidades. Ambas universidades integrantes de la Red, cuentan con una reconocida trayectoria en el Área de Diseño y con capital humano de diferentes disciplinas (diseño industrial, arquitectura, gestión pública, sociología, etc.) para llevar adelante el proyecto. Los resultados del proyecto servirán para formular un marco teórico específico, fundamentar estrategias de mejoramiento de la calidad académica, delinear propuestas de sistemas asociativos y definición de prioridades de líneas de investigación para mejorar la eficiencia de la relación Universidades-Empresas-Sociedad. Por otra parte, posibilitarán relevar las demandas del medio-socio productivo en términos de la formación profesional requerida, la inserción de los profesionales y la importancia de la innovación en tanto valor agregado a productos y procesos en el entramado socio-productivo de la provincial de Córdoba. OBJETIVOS - Analizar, sistematizar y consolidar información respecto a la experiencia acumulada, las capacidades actuales y las potencialidades en materia de diseño e innovación en Córdoba. - Identificar las empresas del medio productivo local y las organizaciones del tercer sector que demandan profesionales formados en diseño e innovación, e indagar sobre los requerimientos que plantean en términos de competencias y formacion académica. -Identificar los desfasajes que pudieran existir en relación a la demanda que plantea el medio productiv

Chemical properties of soils treated with biological sludge from gelatin industry

The impact of agro-industrial organic wastes in the environment can be reduced when used in agriculture. From the standpoint of soil fertility, residue applications can increase the organic matter content and provide nutrients for plants. This study evaluated the effect of biological sludge from gelatin industry on the chemical properties of two Ultisols (loamy sand and sandy clay) and an Oxisol (clay). The experiment lasted 120 days and was carried out in laboratory in a completely randomized design with factorial arrangement, combining the three soils and six biological sludge rates (0, 100, 200, 300, 400, and 500 m³ ha-1), with three replications. Biological sludge rates of up to 500 m³ ha-1 decreased soil acidity and increased the effective cation exchange capacity (CEC) and N, Ca, Mg, and P availability, without exceeding the tolerance limit for Na. The increase in exchangeable base content, greater than the effective CEC, indicates that the major part of cations added by the sludge remains in solution and can be lost by leaching.

Organic matter quality and dynamics in tropical soils amended with sugar industry residue

Soil organic matter depletion caused by agricultural management systems have been identified as a critical problem in most tropical soils. The application of organic residues from agro-industrial activities can ameliorate this problem by increasing soil organic matter quality and quantity. Humic substances play an important role in soil conservation but the dynamics of their transformations is still poorly understood. This study evaluated the effect of compost application to two contrasting tropical soils (Inceptisol and Oxisol) for two years. Soil samples were incubated with compost consisting of sugarcane filter cake, a residue from the sugar industry, at 0, 40, 80, and 120 Mg ha-1. Filter cake compost changed the humic matter dynamics in both content and quality, affecting the soil mineralogical composition. It was observed that carbon mineralization was faster in the illite-containing Inceptisol, whereas humic acids were preserved for a longer period in the Oxisol. In both soils, compost application increased fulvic acid contents, favoring the formation of small hydrophilic molecules. A decrease in fluorescence intensity according to the incubation time was observed in the humic acids extracted from amended soils, revealing important chemical changes in this otherwise stable C pool.

L'équité d'accès aux ressources en eau : fin ou moyen d'amélioration de l'efficacité de l'irrigation ? : la gestion des ressources en eau dans l'état du Gujarat (Inde) dans la perpective de la political ecology

La thèse présentée ici est le résultat d'une étroite collaboration avec une ONG indienne, AKRSP(I), intervenant dans le développement de l'irrigation au Gujarat depuis plus de 25 ans. Un SIG prototype a été mis en oeuvre et nous permet de proposer ime analyse spatiale et quantitative de l'action de cette ONG ainsi qu'une réflexion plus générale sur les leviers de mise en valeur et de gestion des ressources en eau à des fins agricoles. On peut souligner trois principaux enseignements: Les perspectives d'application des SIG au sein des ONG sont manifestes. Les exigences des bailleurs de fonds peuvent néanmoins faire obstacle à leur développement car, indi-rectement, ils favorisent la mise en oeuvre de SI voués à la justification plutôt qu'à la planification et au suivi des programmes d'actions. Ce résultat soulève la question de la pertinence de l'encadrement, des critères d'évaluation et de la conditionnalité de l'aide publique au développement. Les ONG ont un fort potentiel pour participer à la mise en valeur des ressources en eau en Inde et aider à relever le défi agro-démographique indien, en particulier dans les zones marginales où les services étatiques sont en retrait. Les stratégies d'action basées principalement sur l'application des instruments économiques et techniques doivent cependant être modifiées. Nous montrons qu'elles favorisent une inégalité d'accès aux ressources qui débouche sur une efficacité limitée des pratiques d'irrigation, sur un plan agro-technique. Ces résultats soulignent la nécessité de poursuivre une réflexion critique des discours et solutions dominants en matière de gestion des ressources en eau. Deux pistes d'amélioration sont avancées: 1. considérer l'équité d'accès comme un moyen d'optimiser la gestion de la ressource (limiter le volume d'eau par agriculteur pour encourager les choix de cultures irriguées peu consommatrices et l'adoption des technologies d'économie d'eau), 2. prêter attention à l'ordre dans lequel les différents instruments de gestion disponibles sont employés afin de les articuler dans un séquençage temporel pertinent. La Political Ecology apparait comme un cadre conceptuel très pertinent pour engager cette réflexion critique. Elle permet d'intégrer différentes échelles d'asymétries de pouvoirs à la compréhension des situations et des blocages observables localement : inégalités de capabilités et forces socio-politiques à l'échelle locale, politiques agro-industrielles (coton) et jeux d'alliances politiques des castes à l'échelle nationale, discours et conflits idéologiques ou orientations stratégiques des bailleurs de fonds à l'échelle internationale... Notre recherche empirique contribue modestement au développement de cette Political Ecology de la mise en valeur et de la gestion des ressources en eau. - The present research is based on a close collaboration with an indian NGO, AKRSP(I), which is active in the development of irrigation facilities in Gujarat for the past 25 years. We built a GIS prototype providing quantitative and spatial datas to analyse the NGO intervention and propose a general reflection about water resources development and management issues. Three main findings may be emphasized : The potential of GIS within the workings of an NGO is obvious, as an information ma-nagement tool as much as for developing analytical capacity. However, financial backers expectations may not favour a relevant development of this technology. Indirectly, they promote Information Systems built to justify rather than to plan or monitor action pro¬grammes. This raises the question of stricter framework, conditionality criters and stan¬dardised assessment indicators surrounding official development assistance. There is strong potential that NGOs can assist with the improvement of water resources in India. They can help in overcoming Indian demographic-related agricultural challenges, especially in marginal rural areas neglected by state services. However, intervention strategies mainly based on technical and economic management tools has to be adapted. We found that they lead to inequitable access and distribution of water resources what induces a low efficiency of irrigation practices from an agro-technical point of view. These results underline the need to go further in criticizing dominant ideas and guidelines regarding water resources management. We suggest two other options : 1. to consider equitable access has a tool to improve the effective use of water for agricul¬tural purposes (limiting the volume of water available per farmer would encourage them to adopt low water consumption crops and water saving technics), 2. to consider more carefully the order of use of the various management tools available and to structure them in a relevant sequence. Here, Political Ecology seems to be a relevant conceptual framework to enter into such a critical reflection, integrating different levels and scales of political asymmetries at the core of environmental issues. Indeed, the understanding of regional water situations and social stumbling blocks needs not only to consider local capabilities and socio-political inequities, but also agro-industrial policy (e.i. cotton) and caste political alliances at a national scale, as well as ideological and narrative struggles or strategical orientations of financial backers at an international level. Our empirical research modestly contributes to the development of such a Political Ecology of water resources development and management.

Production technology for entomopathogenic fungus using a biphasic culture system

The objective of this research was to evaluate combinations of liquid media obtained from agro-industrial residues and by-products, with solid media prepared with mixtures of grains and their derivatives, aiming to increase the production of JAB 02 and JAB 45 isolates of Lecanicillium lecanii. Sporulation, conidial viability and process yield were evaluated as well as the production costs using the JAB 45 isolate as a model system were analyzed. The production of JAB 02 was not increased using the biphasic culture. For JAB 45, some combinations provided an increase in yield, especially cheese whey with wheat bran and wheat grain, with lower production costs. Viability was not influenced by the production method, and the combinations showed no differences in the process yield. The biphasic method is suitable for the production of L. lecanii, and proves to be an appropriate technology to use in mass production by biofactories.

Compósitos biodegradáveis de amido de mandioca e resíduos da agroindústria

The objectives of this work were to produce biodegradable composites using starch and different agro-industrial wastes (coconut fiber, soy bran and sugarcane bagasse) using a baking process, and to study the effects of these components on the resultant composite properties. The addition of different residues yielded trays with different properties. Samples manufactured with soy bran showed the highest density and water uptake at relative humidities ≥ 60%. The addition of sugarcane bagasse resulted in less dense and resistant samples whereas coconut fiber composites showed the highest breaking stress. The samples fabricated in this study represent an alternative packaging option for foods with low water content.

Produção de hidrogênio via fermentação anaeróbia - aspectos gerais e possibilidade de utilização de resíduos agroindustriais brasileiros

Biological production of hydrogen through anaerobic fermentation has received increasing attention and offers a great potential as an alternative process for clean fuel production in the future. Considering biological systems for H2 production, anaerobic fermentation stands out, primarily due to its higher production of H2 compared with other biological processes. In addition the possibility of using different agro-industrial wastes as substrates opens up infinite possibilities. The development and implementation of sustainable processes for converting renewable materials into different value-added products is essential for the full exploitation of Brazilian agro-industrial wastes.

ISOLATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF NANOFIBRILLATED CELLULOSE FROM OAT HULLS

The objectives of this work were to investigate the microstructure, crystallinity and thermal stability of nanofibrillated cellulose obtained from oat hulls using bleaching and acid hydrolysis at a mild temperature (45 ºC) followed by ultrasonication. The oat hulls were bleached with peracetic acid, and after bleaching, the compact structure around the cellulosic fibers was removed, and the bundles became individualized. The extraction time (30 or 60 min) did not affect the properties of the nanofibrillated cellulose, which presented a higher crystallinity index and thermal stability than the raw material (oat hulls). The nanocellulose formed interconnected webs of tiny fibers with diameters of 70-100 nm and lengths of several micrometers, producing nanofibers with a relatively high aspect ratio, thus indicating that these materials are suitable for polymer reinforcement.

Production of a bioherbicide agent in liquid and solid medium and in a biphasic cultivation system

The use of fungi in weeds control programs depends upon the conidia production in large scale. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate liquid and solid culture media and the cultivation by biphasic system for the conidia production of Bipolaris euphorbiae Muchovej & Carvalho a specific pathogen of Euphorbia heterophylla. The liquid media were obtained from agro-industrial waste or by-products, and the solid media were prepared with mixtures of grains and grain derivatives. The liquid medium made with sugar cane molasses stood out from the others because it provided great sporulation (23 x 10(4) conidia mL-1 of medium), conidial viability (99.7%), and formation of mycelial fungal biomass (1.26 g 100 mL-1 of medium). On solid media conidial production was markedly higher than in liquid media, especially the medium composed by a blend of sorghum grain (40%) and soybean hulls (60%) where the fungus produced 2.3 x 10(7) conidia g-1 of medium. The cultivation of B. euphorbiae in biphasic system not promoted a significant increase in the production of conidia. The solid media were more effective for the mass production of fungus and mixtures of grains and derivatives were effective for increasing conidia production.