A common mechanism for the biosynthesis of methoxy and cyclopropyl mycolic acids in Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Mycobacterium tuberculosis produces three classes of mycolic acids that differ primarily in the presence and nature of oxygen-containing substituents in the distal portion of the meromycolate branch. The methoxymycolate series has a methoxy group adjacent to a methyl branch, in addition to a cyclopropane in the proximal position. Using the gene for the enzyme that introduces the distal cyclopropane (cma1) as a probe, we have cloned and sequenced a cluster of genes coding for four highly homologous methyl transferases (mma1–4). When introduced into Mycobacterium smegmatis, this gene cluster conferred the ability to synthesize methoxymycolates. By determining the structure of the mycolic acids produced following expression of each of these genes individually and in combination, we have elucidated the biosynthetic steps responsible for the production of the major series of methoxymycolates. The mma4 gene product (MMAS-4) catalyzes an unusual S-adenosyl-l-methionine-dependent transformation of the distal cis-olefin into a secondary alcohol with an adjacent methyl branch. MMAS-3 O-methylates this secondary alcohol to form the corresponding methyl ether, and MMAS-2 introduces a cis-cyclopropane in the proximal position of the methoxy series. The similarity of these reactions and the enzymes that catalyze them suggests that some of the structural diversity of mycolic acids results from different chemical fates of a common cationic intermediate, which in turn results from methyl group addition to an olefinic mycolate precursor.

Ending uncertainty: recapitalisation under European Central Bank supervision. Bruegel Policy Contribution 2013/18, 17 December 2013

Estimates of the recapitalisation needs of the euro-area banking system vary between €50 and €600 billion. The range shows the considerable uncertainty about the quality of banks’ balance sheets and about the parameters of the forthcoming European Central Bank stress tests, including the treatment of sovereign debt and systemic risk. Uncertainty also prevails about the rules and discretion that will applyto bank recapitalisation, bank restructuring and bank resolution in 2014 and beyond. The ECB should communicate the relevant parameters of its exercise early and in detail to give time to the private sector to find solutions. The ECB should establish itself as a tough supervisor and force non-viable banks into restructuring. This could lead to short-term financial volatility, but it should be weighed against the cost of a durably weak banking system and the credibility risk to the ECB. The ECB may need to provide large amounts of liquidity to the financial system. Governments should support the ECB, accept cross-border bank mergers and substantial creditor involvement under clear bail-in rules and should be prepared to recapitalise banks. Governments should agree on the eventual creation of a single resolution mechanism with efficient and fast decision-making procedures, and which can exercise discretion where necessary. A resolution fund, even when fully built-up, needs to have a common fiscal backstop to be credible.

The miracle of mutual savings, as illustrated by one hundred years of the Bowery savings bank,

Mode of access: Internet.

Intelligence professionalism in the Americas = Profesionalismo de inteligencia en las Américas /

Shipping list no.: 2004-0011-P.

Letters to college classes in economics and banking, discussing the practical operations of the Federal Reserve System.

Mode of access: Internet.

Andreae Vallensis vulgò Del Vaulx ... Paratitla juris canonici sive Decretalium D. Gregorii papae IX, summaria ac methodica explicatio ... ; cui accesserat ... Annonis Schnorremberg Commentarium in eiusdem juris regulas.

Mode of access: Internet.

P. Ovidii Nasonis Fastorum Libri VI ; Tristium libri V ; De Ponto libri IV ; accedunt binae litterae: epistola enim prima in ibin, altera vero consolatoria ad Liviam.

Mode of access: Internet.

Aesopi Phrygis et aliorum fabulae ... : elegantissimis iconibus in gratiam studiosae juventutis illustrata : pluribusque auctae et diligentius quam antehac emendatae ...

Grab. xil. a lo largo del texto.

The eighteen fifties : being a brief account of School Street, the Province House and the Boston Five Cents Savings Bank /

Cover title: The eighteen fifties and the Boston Five Cents Savings Bank.

Three score and ten years of co-operative banking in Massachusetts /

Map on lining papers.

The first hundred years, 1851-1951; an account of the founding and growth of the Williamsburgh Savings Bank, together with a brief history of the communities served by this bank through its first hundred years.

Mode of access: Internet.

The national bank act,

Mode of access: Internet.

Essays on Personal Bankruptcy Law and Small Business Financing

Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Washington, 2016-06

Essays on Monetary Policy in Small Open Economies

Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Washington, 2016-06