El acceso a la informaci��n p��blica y los archivos en Uruguay

El art��culo analiza la situaci��n actual de los archivos en Uruguay en relaci��n a las leyes de Acceso a la Informaci��n P��blica y de Sistema Nacional de Archivos, normativas que surge cuando el Estado uruguayo inicia una fase de reordenaci��n de su gesti��n promoviendo cambios que fomentan la democratizaci��n y la eficiencia, a la vez que anulan la opacidad y extrema reserva en su administraci��n. Se analiza c��mo los profesionales archiv��logos estuvieron estrechamente involucrados en el proceso de gestaci��n de ambas leyes, dando inicio a una etapa de consecuci��n de fuertes voluntades pol��ticas que apoyaran los proyectos, convencidos que la premisa evidente del Derecho de Acceso es que el documento al que se pretenda acceder exista y sea recuperable. Se estudia como la coexistencia de ambas normas implicaban un cambio cultural, una evoluci��n en el comportamiento de las organizaciones que no acompa���� a la puesta en marcha de los instrumentos legales. Se concluye que el Derecho de Acceso a la Informaci��n P��blica est�� basado en el principio fundamental de transparencia de los ��rganos del Estado, por lo que no es de extra��ar que una ley que obliga a brindar informaci��n tenga el riesgo de devenir en letra muerta. El Archivo debe ser "condici��n" administrativa, lo que exige una nueva dimensi��n de ellos y de sus profesionales dentro de los organismos del Estado, de forma tal que se conviertan en una inmejorable herramienta para el cumplimiento de los objetivos de la Ley de Derecho de Acceso a la Informaci��n P��blica

La responsabilidad social como valor a��adido del facilities manager en la gesti��n del patrimonio inmobiliario

Resulta dif��cil definir una profesi��n que surge por la necesidad de adaptar los espacios de trabajo a las nuevas tendencias de las organizaciones, a la productividad, a las nuevas tecnolog��as que contin��an modificando y facilitando desde las ��ltimas d��cadas el modo y forma de trabajar. Mucho m��s complicado resulta definir una profesi��n casi invisible. Cuando todo funciona en un edificio, en un inmueble, en un activo. Todo est�� correcto. He ah�� la dificultad de su definici��n. Lo que no se ve, no se valora. Las reuniones, las visitas, un puesto de trabajo, una sala de trabajo, una zona de descanso. La climatizaci��n, la protecci��n contra incendios, la legionela, el suministro el��ctrico, una evacuaci��n. La organizaci��n, sus necesidades, su filosof��a. Los informes, los an��lisis, las mejoras. Las personas, el espacio, los procesos, la tecnolog��a. En la actualidad, todo se asocia a su coste. A su rentabilidad. En la dif��cil tarea de realizar el proyecto de un edificio, participan multitud de aspectos que deben estar perfectamente organizados. El arquitecto proyecta y a��na en el proyecto: pasado (experiencia), presente (tendencias) y futuro (perdurabilidad). Y es en ese momento, cuando al considerar el futuro del edificio, su perdurabilidad, hace que su ciclo de vida sea criterio fundamental al proyectar. Que deba considerarse desde el primer esbozo del proyecto. Para que un edificio perdure en el tiempo existen gran n��mero de factores condicionantes. Empezando por su uso apropiado, su nivel de actividad, pasando por las distintas propiedades que pueda tener, y terminando por los responsables de su mantenimiento en su d��a a d��a. Esa profesi��n invisible, es la disciplina conocida como Facility Management. Otra disciplina no tan novedosa ���sus inicios fueron a finales del siglo XIX-, y que en la actualidad se empieza a valorar en gran medida es la Responsabilidad Social. Todo lo que de forma voluntaria, una organizaci��n realiza por encima de lo estrictamente legal con objeto de contribuir al desarrollo sostenible (econ��mico, social y medio ambiental). Ambas disciplinas destacan por su continuo dinamismo. Reflejando la evoluci��n de distintas inquietudes: ��� Personas, procesos, espacios, tecnolog��a ��� Econ��mica, social, medio-ambiental Y que s��lo puede gestionarse con una correcta gesti��n del cambio. Elemento bisagra entre ambas disciplinas. El presente trabajo de investigaci��n se ha basado en el estudio del grado de sensibilizaci��n que existe para con la Responsabilidad Social dentro del sector de la Facility Management en Espa��a. Para ello, se han estructurado varios ejercicios con objeto de analizar: la comunicaci��n, el marco actual normativo, la opini��n del profesional, del facilities manager. Como objetivo, conocer la implicaci��n actual que la Responsabilidad Social ejerce en el ejercicio de la profesi��n del Facilities Manager. Se hace especial hincapi�� en la voluntariedad de ambas disciplinas. De ah�� que el presente estudio de investigaci��n realice dicho trabajo sobre elementos voluntarios y por tanto sobre el valor a��adido que se obtiene al gestionar dichas disciplinas de forma conjunta y voluntaria. Para que una organizaci��n pueda desarrollar su actividad principal ���su negocio-, el Facilities Manager gestiona el segundo coste que esta organizaci��n tiene. Llegando a poder ser el primero si se incluye el coste asociado al personal (n��minas, beneficios, etc.) Entre el (70 ��� 80)% del coste de un edificio a lo largo de toda su vida ��til, se encuentra en su periodo de explotaci��n. En la perdurabilidad. La tecnolog��a facilita la gesti��n, pero quien gestiona y lleva a cabo esta perdurabilidad son las personas en los distintos niveles de gesti��n: estrat��gico, t��ctico y operacional. En estos momentos de constante competencia, donde la innovaci��n es el uniforme de batalla, el valor a��adido del Facilities Manager se construye gestionando el patrimonio inmobiliario con criterios responsables. Su hecho diferenciador: su marca, su reputaci��n. ABSTRACT It comes difficult to define a profession that emerges due to the need of adapting working spaces to new organization���s trends, productivity improvements and new technologies, which have kept changing and making easier the way that we work during the last decades. Defining an invisible profession results much more complicated than that, because everything is fine when everything works in a building, or in an asset, properly. Hence, there is the difficulty of its definition. What it is not seen, it is not worth. Meeting rooms, reception spaces, work spaces, recreational rooms. HVAC, fire protection, power supply, legionnaire���s disease, evacuation. The organization itself, its needs and its philosophy. Reporting, analysis, improvements. People, spaces, process, technology. Today everything is associated to cost and profitability. In the hard task of developing a building project, a lot of issues, that participate, must be perfectly organized. Architects design and gather/put together in the project: the past (experience), the present (trends) and the future (durability). In that moment, considering the future of the building, e. g. its perdurability, Life Cycle turn as the key point of the design. This issue makes LCC a good idea to have into account since the very first draft of the project. A great number of conditioner factors exist in order to the building resist through time. Starting from a suitable use and the level of activity, passing through different characteristics it may have, and ending daily maintenance responsible. That invisible profession, that discipline, is known as Facility Management. Another discipline, not as new as FM ���it begun at the end of XIX century- that is becoming more and more valuable is Social Responsibility. It involves everything a company realizes in a voluntary way, above legal regulations contributing sustainable development (financial, social and environmentally). Both disciplines stand out by their continuous dynamism. Reflecting the evolution of different concerning: ��� People, process, spaces, technology ��� Financial, social and environmentally It can only be managed from the right change management. This is the linking point between both disciplines. This research work is based on the study of existing level of increasing sensitivity about Social Responsibility within Facility Management���s sector in Spain. In order to do that, several ���five- exercises have been studied with the purpose of analyze: communication, law, professional and facility manager���s opinions. The objective is to know the current implication that Social Responsibility has over Facility Management. It is very important the voluntary part of both disciplines, that���s why the present research work is focused over the voluntary elements and about the added value that is obtained managing the before named disciplines as a whole and in voluntary way. In order a company can develop his core business/primary activities, facility managers must operate the second largest company budget/cost centre. Being the first centre cost if we considerer human resources��� costs included (salaries, incentives���) Among 70-80% building costs are produced along its operative life. Durability Technology ease management, but people are who manage and carry out this durability, within different levels: strategic, tactic and operational. In a world of continuing competence, where innovation is the uniform for the battle, facility manager���s added value is provided managing company���s real estate with responsibility criteria. Their distinguishing element: their brand, their reputation.

Clase Invertida

En este segundo n��mero de reflexiones pedag��gicas se presenta una revisi��n de la denominada clase invertida (flipped classroom). Este texto presentan los componentes que caracterizan esta estrategia. Se comparan igualmente los elementos que la diferencian de la clase tradicional y se destacan los pasos para adelantar esta innovaci��n y su forma de funcionamiento. De igual manera se muestran algunos indicadores que pueden llevar a una reflexi��n de la pac��fica pedag��gica y se concluye con estudios que muestran sus aportes e investigaciones que la soportan.

Why the Definition of Eusociality Is Not Helpful to Understand Its Evolution and What Should We Do about It

The evolution of altruism is the central problem of the evolution of eusociality. The evolution of altruism is most likely to be understood by studying species that show altruism in spite of being capable of ''selfish'' individual reproduction. But the definition of eusociality groups together primitively eusocial species where workers retain the ability to reproduce on their own and highly eusocial species where workers have lost reproductive options. At the same time it separates the primitively eusocial species from semisocial species, species that lack life-time sterility and cooperatively breeding birds and mammals, in most of which, altruism and the associated social life are facultative. The definition of eusociality is also such that it is sometimes difficult to decide,what is eusocial and what is not. I therefore suggest that, (1) we expand the scope of eusociality to include semisocial species, primitively eusocial species, highly eusocial species as well as those cooperatively breeding birds and mammals where individuals give up substantial or all personal reproduction for aiding conspecifics, (2) there should be no requirement of overlap of generations or of life-time sterility and (3) the distinction between primitively and highly eusocial should continue, based on the presence or absence of morphological caste differentiation.

A Grammar of the Greek language : originally composed for the College-school at Gloucester, in which it has been the editor's design to reject what, in the most improved editions of Camden, is redundant, to supply what is deficient, to reduce to order what is intricate and confused, and to consign to an appendix what is not requisite to be got by heart /

Mode of access: Internet.

Visual acuity is not what it seems : on Ian Burn's 'Late' reflections

A whole tradition is said to be based on the hierarchical distinction between the perceptual and conceptual. In art, Niklas Luhmann argues, this schism is played out and repeated in conceptual art. This paper complicates this depiction by examining Ian Burn's last writings in which I argue the artist-writer reviews the challenge of minimal-conceptual art in terms of its perceptual pre-occupations. Burn revisits his own work and the legacy of minimal-conceptual by moving away from the kind of ideology critique he is best known for internationally in order to reassert the long overlooked visual-perceptual preoccupations of the conceptual in art.

What TRIPS is and what is is not

For industry people, journalists, activists, lawyers, diplomats, national legislators, and students of the World Trade Organization's Agreement on Trade-related Aspects of Intellectual Property (TRIPS) has awesome proportions. These are magnified by the fact that these groups lack detailed knowledge of either IP as such or international trade law. IP involves a broad spread of academic specialists and practitioners covering heterogeneous complex regimes of patents, copyright, trade marks, design, undisclosed information (trade secrets), and geographical indications. IP, and subsequently TRIPS, is the meeting point of many stakeholders and actors with conflicting interests spread between market aspirations and concepts of public good. In a globalized economy with deep interconnections across sectors, national borders challenged by inchoate technologies, dynamic social stakeholders, and converging technologies, it is fundamental to have a clear and uncluttered understanding of this Agreement. That is because TRIPS impinges on trade in many products of daily life, from pharmaceuticals to entertainment electronics, as well as mitigating and adaptive technologies for climate change and sustainable development. Given its saliency and ubiquity in economic life, TRIPS has often generated misunderstanding and controversy in the public debate. To complicate matters, technical and legal issues at the interface of technology, IP, and trade remain the province of an eclectic band of specialists and on the radar of interest groups with goals on opposite poles.

Teaching new dogs old tricks. How the move to 24/7 interactive, integrated multimedia, multi-platform news and feature delivery is not really changing the skills employers demand of graduates

The journalism revolution is upon us. In a world where we are constantly being told that everyone can be a publisher and challenges are emerging from bloggers, Twitterers and podcasters, journalism educators are inevitably reassessing what skills we now need to teach to keep our graduates ahead of the game. QUT this year tackled that question head-on as a curriculum review and program restructure resulted in a greater emphasis on online journalism. The author spent a week in the online newsrooms of each of two of the major players ��� ABC online news and thecouriermail.com to watch, listen and interview some of the key players. This, in addition to interviews with industry leaders from Fairfax and news.com, lead to the conclusion that while there are some new skills involved in new media much of what the industry is demanding is in fact good old fashioned journalism. Themes of good spelling, grammar, accuracy and writing skills and a nose for news recurred when industry players were asked what it was that they would like to see in new graduates. While speed was cited as one of the big attributes needed in online journalism, the conclusion of many of the players was that the skills of a good down-table sub or a journalist working for wire service were not unlike those most used in online newsrooms.

Knowledge is not power, but it���s a start : what young people know about their rights and obligations in employment

Scholarship addressing the employment concerns of school age workers has identified a number of areas of vulnerability. Prominent among these is that young workers have insufficient knowledge of their rights in employment, yet the extent of this knowledge has not previously been quantified. This study explores areas of strength and deficit in awareness of employment rights and obligations in a sample of 892 young people in Australian high schools. The findings demonstrate that, despite part-time work being a majority experience for school students, young Australians know relatively little of their employment rights. The conclusions underscore the need for education strategies that inform young people prior to and in the very early stages of their working lives.

To what extent is the Mayer and Salovey (1997) model of emotional intelligence a useful predictor of leadership style and perceived leadership outcomes in Australian educational institutions?

Researchers have found that transformational leadership is related to positive outcomes in educational institutions. Hence, it is important to explore constructs that may predict leadership style in order to identify potential transformational leaders in assessment and selection procedures. Several studies in non-educational settings have found that emotional intelligence is a useful predictor of transformational leadership, but these studies have generally lacked methodological rigor and contextual relevance. This project, set in Australian educational institutions, employed a more rigorous methodology to answer the question: to what extent is the Mayer and Salovey (1997) model of emotional intelligence a useful predictor of leadership style and perceived leadership outcomes? The project was designed to move research in the field forward by using valid and reliable instruments, controlling for other predictors, obtaining an adequately sized sample of current leaders and collecting multiple ratings of their leadership behaviours. The study (N = 144 leaders and 432 raters) results indicated that emotional intelligence was not a useful predictor of leadership style and perceived leadership outcomes. In contrast, several of the other predictors in the study were found to predict leadership style.

Governing virtual worlds : to what extent is it possible to empower players and preserve their rights in virtual worlds, and what is the best method of doing so?

In this paper the author considers the possibilities for establishing democratic governance in virtual worlds. He looks at the freedoms currently available to players in ���Second Life���, contrasting these to those established in Raph Koster���s ���A Declaration of the Rights of Avatars���, and assess whether some restrictions are more necessary in game spaces than social spaces. The author looks at the early implementations of self-governance in online spaces, and consider what lessons can be taken from these, investigating what a contemporary democratic space looks like, in the form of ���A Tale in the Desert���, and finally considers how else we may think of giving players more rights in these developing social spaces.

When death is not a crime : challenges for police and policing

The over-representation of vulnerable populations within the criminal justice system, and the role of police in perpetuating this, has long been a topic of discussion in criminology. What is less discussed is the way in which non -criminal investigations by police, in areas like a death investigation, may perpetuate similar types of engagement with vulnerable populations. In Australia, as elsewhere, it is the police who are responsible for investigating both suspicious and violent deaths like homicide as well as non - suspicious, violent deaths like accidents and suicides. Police are also the agents tasked with investigating deaths which are neither violent nor suspicious but occur outside hospitals and other care facilities. This paper reports on how the police describe - or are described by others - their role in a non - suspicious death investigation, and the challenges that such investigations raise for police and policing.

What is voice? Issues of identity and representation in the framing of reviews

There is a well-founded ethical concern in the present regarding the question ��ow can we include everybody's voice equally in the framing of reviews?' This paper is a response to the complexities that inhere in that question. It is not about Review of Educational Research (RER) as a specific site but about the systems of reasoning that construct the opening question about reviews and that suggest possible answers, including the response: 'What is voice?'

Accuracy of absorbed dose in external photon beam radiotherapy : what level is sufficient and how to approach it?

Radiation therapy (RT) plays currently significant role in curative treatments of several cancers. External beam RT is carried out mostly by using megavoltage beams of linear accelerators. Tumor eradication and normal tissue complications correlate to dose absorbed in tissues. Normally this dependence is steep and it is crucial that actual dose within patient accurately correspond to the planned dose. All factors in a RT procedure contain uncertainties requiring strict quality assurance. From hospital physicist��s point of a view, technical quality control (QC), dose calculations and methods for verification of correct treatment location are the most important subjects. Most important factor in technical QC is the verification that radiation production of an accelerator, called output, is within narrow acceptable limits. The output measurements are carried out according to a locally chosen dosimetric QC program defining measurement time interval and action levels. Dose calculation algorithms need to be configured for the accelerators by using measured beam data. The uncertainty of such data sets limits for best achievable calculation accuracy. All these dosimetric measurements require good experience, are workful, take up resources needed for treatments and are prone to several random and systematic sources of errors. Appropriate verification of treatment location is more important in intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) than in conventional RT. This is due to steep dose gradients produced within or close to healthy tissues locating only a few millimetres from the targeted volume. The thesis was concentrated in investigation of the quality of dosimetric measurements, the efficacy of dosimetric QC programs, the verification of measured beam data and the effect of positional errors on the dose received by the major salivary glands in head and neck IMRT. A method was developed for the estimation of the effect of the use of different dosimetric QC programs on the overall uncertainty of dose. Data were provided to facilitate the choice of a sufficient QC program. The method takes into account local output stability and reproducibility of the dosimetric QC measurements. A method based on the model fitting of the results of the QC measurements was proposed for the estimation of both of these factors. The reduction of random measurement errors and optimization of QC procedure were also investigated. A method and suggestions were presented for these purposes. The accuracy of beam data was evaluated in Finnish RT centres. Sufficient accuracy level was estimated for the beam data. A method based on the use of reference beam data was developed for the QC of beam data. Dosimetric and geometric accuracy requirements were evaluated for head and neck IMRT when function of the major salivary glands is intended to be spared. These criteria are based on the dose response obtained for the glands. Random measurement errors could be reduced enabling lowering of action levels and prolongation of measurement time interval from 1 month to even 6 months simultaneously maintaining dose accuracy. The combined effect of the proposed methods, suggestions and criteria was found to facilitate the avoidance of maximal dose errors of up to even about 8 %. In addition, their use may make the strictest recommended overall dose accuracy level of 3 % (1SD) achievable.