Diatom biostratigraphy of sediments from ODP Leg 170 sites

The following data paper summarizes diatom biostratigraphic data from sediments drilled in the Costa Rica accretionary wedge during Ocean Drilling Program Leg 170. Quaternary through lower Miocene diatom zones characteristic of the equatorial Pacific region are recognized in the reference section, Site 1039, which was drilled on the downgoing Cocos plate. At Sites 1040-1043, where the recovered silty clay units are primarily wedge and apron sediments that overlie the underthrust sections, diatoms are generally low in abundance, and complete zonation of the cores was not possible above the décollement surface.

Presence of a novel small RNA-containing virus in a laboratory culture of the endoparasitic wasp Venturia canescens (Hymenoptera : Ichneumonidae)

Parasitoid wasps use a variety of mechanisms to alter their host's physiology to the benefit of the developing endoparasite inside the host larva. Association of certain wasps with viruses and virus-like particles (VLPs) that contribute to their success in parasitism is one of the fascinating evolutionary adaptations conferring active or passive protection for the endoparasite from the host immune system. Venturia canescens has been shown to produce VLPs that provide protection for the developing parasitoid egg inside the host, Ephestia kuehniella. Here, we report on the presence of a novel small RNA-containing virus from V. canescens, designated as VcSRV, occurring in the ovaries of the wasp. The virus particles are found together with VcVLPs in the lumen of the calyx region of the ovaries and are injected together with the egg and VcVLPs into E kuehniella larvae where they enter hemocytes. Alignment of the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase gene of VcSRV indicates that the virus most likely belongs to the recently described genus Iflavirus. (c) 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Replication of Heliothis virescens ascovirus in insect cell lines

Ascoviruses (AVs) infect larvae of various insect pests belonging to the family Noctuidae. The result of AV infection in the hosts is cleavage of infected cells into vesicles, a unique feature of AV infection. Since insect cell lines facilitate the study of virus life cycles, attempts were made to analyze Heliothis virescens AV (HvAV3e) infection in several cell lines and compare cell pathology to larval infection. In this study, replication and cytopathological effects of HvAV3e on four different cell lines were investigated. HvAV3e replication was confirmed in three noctuid cell lines from Spodoptera frugiperda (Sf9) and Helicoverpa zea (BCIRL-Hz-AM1 and FB33). However, the virus did not replicate in the non-noctuid insect cell line from Pieris rapae (Pieridae). Despite replication of the virus in the three permissive cell lines, the cytopathological effects of the virus were significantly different from that of larval infection.

Simulating Forest Shade to Study the Developmental Ecology of Tropical Plants: Juvenile Growth in Three Vines in India

Both light quantity and quality affect the development and autoecology of plants under shade conditions, as in the understorey of tropical forests. However, little research has been directed towards the relative contributions of lowered photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) versus altered spectral distributions (as indicated by quantum ratios of 660 to 730 nm, or R:FR) of radiation underneath vegetation canopies. A method for constructing shade enclosures to study the contribution of these two variables is described. Three tropical leguminous vine species (Abrus precatorius L., Caesalpinia bondicela Fleming and Mucuna pruriens (L.) DC.) were grown in two shade enclosures with 3-4% of solar PPFD with either the R:FR of sunlight (1.10) or foliage shade (0.33), and compared to plants grown in sunlight. Most species treated with low R:FR differed from those treated with high R:FR in (1) percent allocation to dry leaf weight, (2) internode length, (3) dry stem weight/length, (4) specific leaf weight, (5) leaf size, and (6) chlorophyll a/b ratios. However, these plants did not differ in chlorophyll content per leaf dry weight or area. In most cases the effects of low R:FR and PPFD were additional to those of high R:FR and low PPFD. Growth patterns varied among the three species, but both low PPFD and diminished R:FR were important cues in their developmental responses to light environments. This shadehouse system should be useful in studying the effects of light on the developmental ecology of other tropical forest plants.

Pollen record of sediment core GeoB1008-3 from the Congo fan

Palynological investigation of the marine core, GeoB1008-3, from near the mouth of the Congo river (6°35.6'S/10°19.1'E), provides information about the changes in vegetation and climate in West Equatorial Africa during the last 190 ka. The pollen diagram is divided into zones 1-6 which are considered to correspond in time with the marine isotope stages 1-6. Oscillations in temperature and moisture are indicated during the cold stage 6. During stage 5, two cooler periods (5d and 5b) can be shown with an expansion of Podocarpus forests to lower elevations on the expense of lowland rain forest. Extended mangrove swamps existed along the coast in times of high sea level (stages 5 and 1).

Biologia reprodutiva e ecologia trófica de Thamnodynastes hypoconia (Serpentes: Dipsadidae) em ambientes úmidos subtemperados do extremo sul brasileiro

O estudo teve como objetivo descrever a biologia reprodutiva e a dieta de populações de Thamnodynastes hypoconia em ambientes úmidos subtemperados do extremo sul brasileiro. Para avaliação da reprodução foram feitas análises macroscópicas das gônadas. Para avaliação da ecologia alimentar foram empregadas análises de conteúdo estomacal e de isótopos estáveis (δ13C e δ15N). Os machos apresentaram maior comprimento rostro-cloacal que as fêmeas e atingiram a maturidade sexual com menor tamanho corporal. O ciclo reprodutivo das fêmeas foi sazonal, com vitelogênese secundária ocorrendo entre o inverno e a primavera. Os machos apresentaram ciclo contínuo. Aparentemente a cópula ocorre entre o final da primavera e o início do verão, quando foram detectados embriões nas fêmeas e a parturição ocorreu no verão. Não houve relação entre o tamanho da ninhada e o tamanho da fêmea, e a frequência reprodutiva de 40% foi considerada relativamente baixa. Todavia, por ser uma espécie dominante em banhados subtemperados do extremo sul do Brasil sua estratégia reprodutiva parece ser eficiente. Dessa forma, o ciclo contínuo dos machos, bem como a viviparidade possam potencializar o deslocamento do pico reprodutivo da população de modo a ajustar-se de acordo com os picos de temperatura do ambiente. A análise de conteúdo estomacal mostrou uma dieta predominantemente anurófaga, exceto por um único lagarto. Hylidae foi a família mais representativa, com predomínio de Hypsiboas pulchellus, seguida de Leptodactylidae, onde Leptodactylus latrans teve maior importância. As análises de isótopos estáveis corroboraram a importância dessas espécies na alimentação da serpente. Apesar de ser uma serpente terrestre, T. hypoconia apresentou assinatura isotópica mais próxima das fontes primárias oriundas do ambiente aquático, o que indica a importância das áreas alagáveis para a subsistência de organismos terrestres de habitats adjacentes.

The Effects of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi on four Legume Hosts in South Florida Pine Rockland Soils

This study addressed the effects of salinity and pot size on the interaction between leguminous plant hosts and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in four pine rockland soils using a shade house trap-plant experiment. Little is known about the belowground diversity of pine rocklands and the interactions between aboveground and belowground biota – an increased understanding of these interactions could lead to improved land management decisions, conservation and restoration efforts. Following twelve weeks of growth, plants were measured for root and shoot dry biomass and percent colonization by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Overall, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi had positive fitness effects on the four legume species (Cajanus cajan, Chamaecrista fasciculata, Tephrosia angustissima and Abrus precatorius), improving their growth rate, shoot and root biomass; pot size influenced plant-fungal interactions; and percent colonization by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi was influenced by soil type as well as salinity.