Análise do pólen encontrado em amostras de mel de Apis mellifera L. (Hymenoptera, Apidae) em uma área de savana de Roraima, Brasil

Foram analisadas amostras de mel de um apiário localizado na Aldeia do Contão, Roraima, Brasil. As amostras foram obtidas das colheitas nos meses de outubro e dezembro de 1996 e janeiro, fevereiro e março de 1997. Foram identificados um total de 20 tipos polínicos distribuídos em 18 gêneros e 13 famílias. As famílias: Mimosaceae (4 espécies), Anacardiaceae (3 espécies), Sterculiaceae (2 espécies), Caesalpiniaceae (2 espécies) e Amaranthaceae (2 espécies) foram as mais representadas, as demais por uma única espécie. Os tipos polínicos mais frequentes foram: Mimosa polydactyla H.B.K (outubro e dezembro de 1996), Curatella americana L. (janeiro, fevereiro e março de 1997). Encontrou-se três correlações significativas entre as frequências dos tipos polínicos de: Curatella americana L. X Mimosa polydactyla H.B.K (r = -0,99), Curatella americana L. X Astronium sp (r = 0,95) e Mimosa polydactyla H.B.K e Astronium sp (r = -0,91)

Antimicrobial activity of honeys from two stingless honeybee species and Apis mellifera (Hymenoptera: Apidae) against pathogenic microorganisms

Honeys are described possessing different properties including antimicrobial. Many studies have presented this activity of honeys produced by Apis mellifera bees, however studies including activities of stingless bees honeys are scarce. The aim of this study was to compare the antimicrobial activity of honeys collected in the Amazonas State from Melipona compressipes, Melipona seminigra and Apis mellifera against Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli, Chromobacterium violaceum, and Candida albicans. Minimum inhibitory concentrations were determined using the agar dilution method with Müller-Hinton agar (for bacteria) or Saboraud agar (for yeast). Staphylococcus aureus and E. faecalis were inhibited by all honeys at concentrations below 12%, while E. coli and C. violaceum were inhibited by stingless bee honeys at concentrations between 10 and 20%. A. mellifera honey inhibited E. coli at a concentration of 7% and Candida violaceum at 0.7%. C. albicans were inhibited only with honey concentrations between 30 and 40%. All examined honey had antimicrobial activity against the tested pathogens, thus serving as potential antimicrobial agents for several therapeutic approaches.

INCIDENCIA DE LAS ACTIVIDADES AGROPECUARIAS EN LA CALIDAD DE PRODUCTOS APÍCOLAS Y EN LA DISTRIBUCIÓN DE APIS MELLIFERA. INDICADORES DE CONTAMINACIÓN AMBIENTAL.

Las actividades socioeconómicas en muchos casos generan residuos que afectan a la salud humana, la calidad de los ecosistemas y los procesos ecológicos. La acumulación de residuos de plaguicidas en el ambiente se ha puesto de manifiesto desde hace años y la incidencia de éstos en los ecosistemas supone un riesgo que es necesario conocer y reducir. La agricultura depende, en gran medida, de la utilización de pesticidas para controlar las plagas y las enfermedades que pueden ocasionar pérdidas en la calidad de las cosechas y disminuir su producción. En los últimos años, la contaminación de los alimentos y del medio ambiente por los pesticidas se ha convertido en objeto de gran interés y preocupación social debido a los posibles efectos adversos de una exposición prolongada a estos compuestos. La provincia de Córdoba, en particular la región sur, no es ajena a dicha problemática dado que la actividad más importante es la agropecuaria. Por tanto, resulta de sumo interés desarrollar métodos para diagnosticar y monitorear la contaminación del ambiente. En este sentido, los indicadores ambientales han tomado impulso con el propósito de estandarizar metodologías y procesos que nos permitan desarrollar la capacidad de analizar, evaluar y comparar el estado del ambiente y los recursos naturales. Las abejas melíferas y los productos de la colmena podrían muy bien cumplir con este rol ya que durante su pecoreo las abejas se ponen en contacto con prácticamente todos los sectores medioambientales (suelo, vegetación, aire y agua). Las abejas exploran áreas de unos 30 km2 para recolectar elementos para el desarrollo de su colonia y por consiguiente los productos de la colmena se pueden relacionar con la contaminación local. La presencia de plaguicidas de uso agrícola, tanto en miel como en cera, en cantidades suficientemente altas, también podría llevar a que la colmena se vea debilitada y las abejas tiendan a abandonarla. No obstante, el abandono de las colmenas no sólo puede deberse a la acumulación de compuestos químicos extraños, sino también a problemas de sanidad relacionados al mal manejo del apiario. La incidencia de este último factor puede estimarse determinando en miel y cera los residuos de medicamentos, sintéticos y/o naturales, utilizados por los apicultores para el tratamiento de enfermedades de la colmena. Por lo tanto, se propone utilizar el grado de contaminación de la miel y de la cera con plaguicidas de uso agrícola como indicadores ambientales y establecer la influencia de este factor y de los medicamentos de uso apícola sobre el síndrome de despoblamiento de las colmenas. Para ello se seleccionarán tres zonas de trabajo, todas pertenecientes al sur de la provincia de Córdoba, (una silvestre, una de agricultura en base a soja y maíz y una tambera) donde se esté desarrollando la actividad apícola, instalando también colmenas propias para el proyecto. Se realizarán encuesta a productores agropecuarios y apícolas. Para el diagnóstico de enfermedades se emplearán las siguientes técnicas: gota pendiente para Loque americana, método de Cantwell para Nosema y el método de David Jong modificado para Varroa. Para la cuantificación de residuos de plaguicidas y medicamentos se emplearán técnicas cromatográficas. Los resultados obtenidos permitirán evaluar el estado sanitario de las colmenas, la disminución o no de la población, determinar indirectamente la contaminación ambiental estableciendo las vinculaciones entre las causas que generan los cambios, las respuestas del medio y tendencias futuras y realizar transferencia a distintos niveles mediante, conferencias, cursos, material didáctico y prestación de servicios. Asimismo, los resultados podrían ser utilizados en el futuro en la implementación de políticas regulatorias de las actividades agroindustriales, mientras que el relevamiento del estado sanitario de las colmenas permitirá tomar decisiones respecto de las políticas sanitarias a aplicar en el manejo de los colmenare

Resistencia a la enfermedad de cría yesificada por colonias de Apis mellifera con eficiente comportamiento higiénico (Hymenoptera, Apidae)

In an apiary composed of 14 hygienic and 7 non-hygienic colonies of Apis mellifera Linnaeus, 1758 the presence of visible and capped mummies was recorded, one hygienic and 4 non-hygienic colonies showed symptoms of chalkbrood. Twenty-eight days after a massive contamination of the colonies with pollen patties containing Ascosphaera apis Olive & Spiltoir, 1955, the situation was almost identical to that at the beginning: the same 4 non-hygienic colonies still were infected and one hygienic colony that was healthy became infected. The high proportion of hygienic colonies that eliminated the disease symptoms suggests that they could maintain themselves healthy in spite of the presence of colonies with chalkbrood in the apiary.

Morphological aspects of cell reabsorption in laying queens and workers of Apis mellifera (Hymenoptera, Apidae)

The occurrence of cell reabsorption in the ovaries of queens in several rates of laying eggs, artificially impeded of laying, and in nurse workers, of Apis mellifera (Linnaeus, 1758), was studied with light (LM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Two types of structures were described and named by analogy with vertebrates ovarian structures, as corpus luteus, when resulting from the reabsorption of the follicular cells after ovulation, and corpus atresicus when resulting from total follicular reabsorption at any oocyte developmental stage. These structures have the same morphological characteristics and physiological signification in both castes. The corpus luteus occurrence indicates ovulation and its number is correspondent to the queen's rates of oviposition. The presence of this structure in nurse workers ovarioles shows that this caste may lay eggs. The incidence of corpus atresicus in queens decay with the increasing of the oviposition indicating that the inhibition of the normal sequence of oocyte maturation in the ovaries is deleterious. Both, corpus luteus and corpus atresicus incidence may be influenced by environmental factors.

Variation morphogeometrics of Africanized honey bees (Apis mellifera) in Brazil

The morphometrics of the honey bee Apis mellifera L., 1758 has been widely studied mainly because this species has great ecological importance, high adaptation capacity, wide distribution and capacity to effectively adapt to different regions. The current study aimed to investigate the morphometric variations of wings and pollen baskets of honey bees Apis mellifera scutellata Lepeletier, 1836 from the five regions in Brazil. We used geometric morphometrics to identify the existence of patterns of variations of shape and size in Africanized honey bees in Brazil 16 years after the classic study with this species, allowing a temporal and spatial comparative analysis using new technological resources to assess morphometrical data. Samples were collected in 14 locations in Brazil, covering the five geographical regions of the country. The shape analysis and multivariate analyses of the wing allowed to observe that there is a geographical pattern among the population of Apis mellifera in Brazil. The geographical variations may be attributed to the large territorial extension of the country in addition to the differences between the bioregions.

Morphologic and morphometric aspects of oenocytes of Apis mellifera queens and workers in different phases of life

Oenocytes of adult workers and queens of Apis mellifera L. were studied in different ages or life stages, by means of morphometric and histologic techniques. In workers, the oenocytes were found in the head, near the mandibles and in the abdomen, immersed in the parietal fat body mainly below the sterna, close to the wax gland. In queens, two populations of oenocytes different in size and localization were found within the parietal and visceral fat body, respectively. The oenocytes of workers and queens show the presence of acid lipids and acid phosphatase. The role of these cells in the castes differences is discussed.

Heterozigosidade e assimetria do número de hâmulos em operárias adultas de Apis mellifera (Hymenoptera, Apidae)

Heterozygosity and hammuli number asymmetry in adult workers of Apis mellifera (Hymenoptera, Apidae). Relationship between individual heterozygosity at particular loci (Mdh-1, Hk-1 ou Pgm-1) or average heterozygosity of the colony and asymmetry of the hammuli number of right and left wings was verified on adult workers of five Africanized and five European colonies of Apis mellifera. Our results demonstrated the importance of statistical tests to verify the type of asymmetry of the character studied and they did not validate the assumption that uni or multiloci heterozygosity has a positive effect on developmental stability.

Efeitos da aplicação tópica de hormônio juvenil sobre o desenvolvimento dos ovários de larvas de operárias de Apis mellifera Linnaeus (Hymenoptera, Apidae)

A influência do hormônio juvenil sobre o desenvolvimento do ovário de larvas de operárias de Apis mellifera foi analisada levando em conta a determinação trófica das castas, segundo a qual a alimentação larval é controlada pelas operárias de maneira a promover uma diferenciação de castas controlada pela produção e disponibilidade desse hormônio. A hipótese testada é que a ação do hormônio juvenil seja capaz de proteger ou prevenir a degeneração nos ovários das larvas de operárias. Foi feita aplicação tópica de 1 ml de hormônio dissolvido em hexano na concentração de 1 mg/ml do segundo até o quinto dia de vida larval, e a morfologia dos ovários avaliada nos dias subseqüentes à aplicação até ao sexto dia de vida larval. Como controles foram utilizadas larvas nas quais se aplicou 1 ml de hexano e larvas que não receberam nenhum tratamento. Constatou-se que o efeito do hormônio juvenil varia conforme a idade larval em que é aplicado e que este efeito foi maior quando a aplicação foi feita no terceiro dia de vida larval.

Expression profile of a Laccase2 encoding gene during the metamorphic molt in Apis mellifera (Hymenoptera,Apidae)

Expression profile of a Laccase2 encoding gene during the metamorphic molt in Apis mellifera (Hymenoptera, Apidae). Metamorphosis in holometabolous insects occurs through two subsequent molting cycles: pupation (metamorphic molt) and adult differentiation (imaginal molt). The imaginal molt in Apis mellifera L. was recently investigated in both histological and physiological-molecular approaches. Although the metamorphic molt in this model bee is extremely important to development, it is not well-known yet. In the current study we used this stage as an ontogenetic scenario to investigate the transcriptional profile of the gene Amlac2, which encodes a laccase with an essential role in cuticle differentiation. Amlac2 expression in epidermis was contrasted with the hemolymph titer of ecdysteroid hormones and with the most evident morphological events occurring during cuticle renewal. RT-PCR semiquantitative analyses using integument samples revealed increased levels of Amlac2 transcripts right after apolysis and during the subsequent pharate period, and declining levels near pupal ecdysis. Compared with the expression of a cuticle protein gene, AmelCPR14, these results highlighted the importance of the ecdysteroid-induced apolysis as an ontogenetic marker of gene reactivation in epidermis for cuticle renewal. The obtained results strengthen the comprehension of metamorphosis in Apis mellifera. In addition, we reviewed the literature about the development of A. mellifera, and emphasize the importance of revising the terminology used to describe honey bee molting cycles.

Taudinaiheuttajien, lääkkeiden ja vierasaineiden vaikutuksista mehiläisen (Apis mellifera L.) tartunnanvastaiseen puolustukseen

Summary: Immunotoxic and immunomodulatory aspects of pathogens, drugs and xenobiotics in protection of the honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) to infections

Desenvolvimento de colônias de abelhas com diferentes alimentos protéicos

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o desempenho de produtos regionais do Nordeste na alimentação de colônias de abelhas (Apis mellifera), em um período de escassez de floradas. Foram fornecidas dietas às abelhas, contendo 20% de proteína bruta, à base de feno de mandioca (Manihot esculenta) e farinha de vagem de algaroba (Prosopis juliflora), feno de mandioca e farelo de babaçu (Orbygnia martiana), farelo de babaçu e Purilac (sucedâneo para bezerros da marca Purina) e pólen apícola de Palmae. As colônias foram analisadas quanto ao peso e às áreas de alimento e cria. Não foi observada diferença significativa entre os tratamentos em relação às áreas de cria. Apesar de a pasta com pólen ser a mais consumida, este alimento mostrou conversão alimentar menor do que as demais dietas fornecidas. As colônias que receberam pasta de feno de mandioca com farelo de babaçu tiveram maior peso final. Todos os alimentos mostraram-se eficientes na manutenção das colônias.

Determination of chemical elements in africanized Apis mellifera (Hymenoptera: Apidae) honey samples from the State of Piauí, Brazil

Honey is a food used since the most remote times, appreciated for its characteristic flavor, considerable nutritional value and medicinal properties; however, little information exists about the presence of chemical elements in it. The objectives of this work were to determine the chemical elements present in 38 honey samples, collected directly from beekeepers from the State of Piauí, Brazil and to verify whether they presented any contamination. The chemical elements were determined by means of Total Reflection X-ray Fluorescence. The means of three replicates were: K (109.671 ± 17.487), Ca (14.471 ± 3.8797), Ti (0.112 ± 0.07), Cr (0.196 ± 0.11), Mn (0.493 ± 0.103), Fe (1.722 ± 0.446), Co (0.038), Ni (0.728 ± 0.706), Cu (0.179 ± 0.0471), Zn (0.967 ± 0.653), Se (not detected), Br (not detected), Rb (0.371 ± 0.097), Sr (0.145 ± 0.45), Ba (11.681), Hg (not detected), and Pb (0.863) µg g-1.

Physicochemical composition of Apis mellifera honey samples from São Paulo State, Brazil

This research, developed with Apis mellifera honey samples from producers of São Paulo State, Brazil, has the objective of verifying how eucalyptus, wild flower, and orange honey samples would be clustered, based on physicochemical characteristics. All the orange honey samples and some wild flower ones formed distinct groups, thus confirming that the floral source interferes with honey characteristics. Eucalyptus and some of the wild flower honey samples were clustered together because of the great floral source variation in the latter ones. The characteristics that influence sample clustering are acidity and electric conductivity on the X axis, and total sugars and pH on the Y axis.

Isolamento e identificação da morina em mel brasileiro de Apis mellifera

The flavonoid fraction was purified by a combination of chromatography on Amberlite XAD-2 and preparative silica gel TLC. Morin (3, 5, 7, 2', 4'- pentahydroxyflavone) was the only flavonol found in honey from Brazilian Citrus sp.. The structure of morin was determined on the basis of UV and ¹H and 13C NMR spectral data together with literature references. This is the first report on the isolation of morin from Brazilian Citrus honey.