ABCA1 expression and statins: inhibitory effect in peripheral blood mononuclear cells

The ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1) has an essential role in the formation of nascent high-density lipoprotein particles and also participates in the cholesterol efflux from macrophages in the artery wall. Several substances, such as statins, or even gene variants are able to modulate ABCA1 expression. There is strong evidence that statin treatment downregulates the ABCA1 expression in nonloaded macrophages. Interestingly, in cholesterol-loaded macrophages, which are more relevant to atherogenesis, this effect is lost. We observed an inhibitory effect of atorvastatin in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of hypercholesterolemic individuals. Moreover, in these individuals, the ABCA1 -14C > T polymorphism was associated with high baseline gene-expression levels. Other studies are needed to evaluate how relevant these findings are to the formation of arterial foam cells in vivo.

mRNA Expression Profile of Multidrug Resistance Genes in Childhood Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia. Low Expression Levels Associated With a Higher Risk of Toxic Death

Background. Increased activity of multidrug resistance (MDR) genes has been associated with treatment failure in acute leukemias, although with controversial reports. The objective of the present study was to assess the expression profile of the genes related to MDR: ABCB1, ABCC1, ABCC3, ABCC2, and LRP/MVP in terms of the clinical and biological variable and the survival of children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). Procedure. The levels of mRNA expression of the drug resistance genes ABCB1, ABCC1, ABCC3, ABCG2, and LRP/MVP were analyzed by quantitative real-time PCR using the median Values as cut-off points, in consecutive samples from 140 children with ALL at diagnosis. Results. Expression levels of the ABCG2 gene in the patient group as a whole (P=0.05) and of the ABCG2 and ABCC1 genes in patients classified as being at high risk were associated with higher rates of 5-year event-free survival (EFS) (P=0.04 and P=0.01). Expression levels of the ABCG2 gene below the median were associated with a greater chance of death related to treatment toxicity for the patient group as a whole (P=0.009) and expression levels below the median of the ABCG2 and ABCC1 genes were associated with a greater chance of death due to treatment toxicity for the high-risk group (P=0.02 and P=0.03, respectively). Conclusion. The present data suggest a low participation of the drug efflux genes in treatment failure in patients with childhood ALL. However, the low expression of some of these genes may be associated with a higher death risk related to treatment toxicity. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2009;53:996-1004. (C) 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

Virulence of Streptococcus pneumoniae: PsaA mutants are hypersensitive to oxidative stress

psaA encodes a 37-kDa pneumococcal lipoprotein which is part of an ABC Mn(II) transport complex. Streptococcus pneumoniae D39 psaA mutants have previously been shown to be significantly less virulent than wild-type D39, but the mechanism underlying the attenuation has not been resolved. In this study, we have shown that psaA and psaD mutants are highly sensitive to oxidative stress, i.e., to superoxide and hydrogen peroxide, which might explain why they are less virulent than the wild-type strain. Our investigations revealed altered expression of the key oxidative-stress response enzymes superoxide dismutase and NADH oxidase in psaA and psaD mutants, suggesting that PsaA and PsaD may play important roles in the regulation of expression of oxidative-stress response enzymes and intracellular redox homeostasis.

A 35.7 kb DNA fragment from the Bacillus subtilis chromosome containing a putative 12.3 kb operon involved in hexuronate catabolism and a perfectly symmetrical hypothetical catabolite-responsive element.

The Bacillus subtilis strain 168 chromosomal region extending from 109 degrees to 112 degrees has been sequenced. Among the 35 ORFs identified, cotT and rapA were the only genes that had been previously mapped and sequenced. Out of ten ORFs belonging to a single putative transcription unit, seven are probably involved in hexuronate catabolism. Their sequences are homologous to Escherichia coli genes exuT, uidB, uxaA, uxaB, uxaC, uxuA and uxuB, which are all required for the uptake of free D-glucuronate, D-galacturonate and beta-glucuronide, and their transformation into glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate and pyruvate via 2-keto-3-deoxygluconate. The remaining three ORFs encode two dehydrogenases and a transcriptional regulator. The operon is preceded by a putative catabolite-responsive element (CRE), located between a hypothetical promoter and the RBS of the first gene. This element, the longest and the only so far described that is fully symmetrical, consists of a 26 bp palindrome matching the theoretical B. subtilis CRE sequence. The remaining predicted amino acid sequences that share homologies with other proteins comprise: a cytochrome P-450, a glycosyltransferase, an ATP-binding cassette transporter, a protein similar to the formate dehydrogenase alpha-subunit (FdhA), protein similar to NADH dehydrogenases, and three homologues of polypeptides that have undefined functions.

Host genetic and epigenetic factors in toxoplasmosis

Analysing human genetic variation provides a powerful tool in understanding risk factors for disease. Toxoplasma gondii acquired by the mother can be transmitted to the fetus. Infants with the most severe clinical signs in brain and eye are those infected early in pregnancy when fetal immunity is least well developed. Genetic analysis could provide unique insight into events in utero that are otherwise difficult to determine. We tested the hypothesis that propensity for T. gondii to cause eye disease is associated with genes previously implicated in congenital or juvenile onset ocular disease. Using mother-child pairs from Europe (EMSCOT) and child/parent trios from North America (NCCCTS), we demonstrated that ocular and brain disease in congenital toxoplasmosis associate with polymorphisms in ABCA4 encoding ATP-binding cassette transporter, subfamily A, member 4 previously associated with juvenile onset retinal dystrophies including Stargardt's disease. Polymorphisms at COL2A1 encoding type II collagen, previously associated with Stickler syndrome, associated only with ocular disease in congenital toxoplasmosis. Experimental studies showed that both ABCA4 and COL2A1 show isoform-specific epigenetic modifications consistent with imprinting, which provided an explanation for the patterns of inheritance observed. These genetic and epigenetic risk factors provide unique insight into molecular pathways in the pathogenesis of disease.

AtABCG29 is a monolignol transporter involved in lignin biosynthesis.

Lignin is the defining constituent of wood and the second most abundant natural polymer on earth. Lignin is produced by the oxidative coupling of three monolignols: p-coumaryl alcohol, coniferyl alcohol, and sinapyl alcohol. Monolignols are synthesized via the phenylpropanoid pathway and eventually polymerized in the cell wall by peroxidases and laccases. However, the mechanism whereby monolignols are transported from the cytosol to the cell wall has remained elusive. Here we report the discovery that AtABCG29, an ATP-binding cassette transporter, acts as a p-coumaryl alcohol transporter. Expression of AtABCG29 promoter-driven reporter genes and a Citrine-AtABCG29 fusion construct revealed that AtABCG29 is targeted to the plasma membrane of the root endodermis and vascular tissue. Moreover, yeasts expressing AtABCG29 exhibited an increased tolerance to p-coumaryl alcohol by excreting this monolignol. Vesicles isolated from yeasts expressing AtABCG29 exhibited a p-coumaryl alcohol transport activity. Loss-of-function Arabidopsis mutants contained less lignin subunits and were more sensitive to p-coumaryl alcohol. Changes in secondary metabolite profiles in abcg29 underline the importance of regulating p-coumaryl alcohol levels in the cytosol. This is the first identification of a monolignol transporter, closing a crucial gap in our understanding of lignin biosynthesis, which could open new directions for lignin engineering.

Loss of mitochondrial functions associated with azole resistance in Candida glabrata results in enhanced virulence in mice.

Mitochondrial dysfunction is one of the possible mechanisms by which azole resistance can occur in Candida glabrata. Cells with mitochondrial DNA deficiency (so-called "petite mutants") upregulate ATP binding cassette (ABC) transporter genes and thus display increased resistance to azoles. Isolation of such C. glabrata mutants from patients receiving antifungal therapy or prophylaxis has been rarely reported. In this study, we characterized two sequential and related C. glabrata isolates recovered from the same patient undergoing azole therapy. The first isolate (BPY40) was azole susceptible (fluconazole MIC, 4 μg/ml), and the second (BPY41) was azole resistant (fluconazole MIC, >256 μg/ml). BPY41 exhibited mitochondrial dysfunction and upregulation of the ABC transporter genes C. glabrata CDR1 (CgCDR1), CgCDR2, and CgSNQ2. We next assessed whether mitochondrial dysfunction conferred a selective advantage during host infection by testing the virulence of BPY40 and BPY41 in mice. Surprisingly, even with in vitro growth deficiency compared to BPY40, BPY41 was more virulent (as judged by mortality and fungal tissue burden) than BPY40 in both systemic and vaginal murine infection models. The increased virulence of the petite mutant correlated with a drastic gain of fitness in mice compared to that of its parental isolate. To understand this unexpected feature, genome-wide changes in gene expression driven by the petite mutation were analyzed by use of microarrays during in vitro growth. Enrichment of specific biological processes (oxido-reductive metabolism and the stress response) was observed in BPY41, all of which was consistent with mitochondrial dysfunction. Finally, some genes involved in cell wall remodelling were upregulated in BPY41 compared to BPY40, which may partially explain the enhanced virulence of BPY41. In conclusion, this study shows for the first time that mitochondrial dysfunction selected in vivo under azole therapy, even if strongly affecting in vitro growth characteristics, can confer a selective advantage under host conditions, allowing the C. glabrata mutant to be more virulent than wild-type isolates.

Biogénèse des lipoprotéines de haute densité (HDL): implication du transporteur ABCA1

Les patients atteints de la maladie de Tangier présentent des niveaux très bas de lipoprotéines de haute densité (HDL), un facteur de risque pour le développement des maladies cardiovasculaires. In vivo, les HDL ont un effet protecteur important contre l’athérosclérose puisqu’elles effectuèrent le transport à rebours du cholestérol des tissus périphériques vers le foie. Or, la maladie de Tangier est causée par des mutations dans le gène du transporteur « ATP-binding cassette A1 » (ABCA1). Le modèle actuel stipule que ce transporteur assure la lipidation de l’apolipoprotéine A-I (apoA-I), la composante protéique majeure des HDL, pour former des particules HDL naissantes discoïdales. Un défaut dans la lipidation de l’apoA-I par l’ABCA1 abolit la biogénèse des HDL. Nous avons voulu étudier les sites d’interaction de l’ABCA1 avec son ligand (l’apoA-I), les voies de biogénèse impliquées, et l’implication des pré-β-HDL dans l’efflux du cholestérol par la voie de l’ABCA1. D’abord, nous avons utilisé un système de culture cellulaire (fibroblastes humaines et BHK-ABCA1-inductible) afin de déterminer les sites de liaison cellulaires de l’apoA-I, leurs localisations et l’implication de l’ABCA1. Nous avons trouvé que la majorité de l’apoA-I n’est pas associée à l’ABCA1 et, deux tiers de cet apoA-I, était à la membrane plasmique. Ensuite, Une étude plus détaillée examinait les voies de lipidation de l’apoA-I, soit au niveau de la membrane plasmique (MP), soit aux compartiments intracellulaires (CICs). Nous avons montré que la lipidation de l’apoA-I a lieu aux deux niveaux (MP et CICs) selon deux voies différentes cinétiquement. Finalement, nous avons montré que les pré-β-HDL effluent aussi (efficacement que l’apoA-I) le cholestérol par la voie de l’ABCA1. Ces observations réunies démontrent que 1) la majorité de l’apoA-I s’est trouvé non-associée à l’ABCA1; 2) deux tiers de l’apoA-I s’associent a la membrane plasmique; 3) la lipidation de l’apoA-I se fait en partie à la membrane plasmique et, par la voie de retro-endocytose du complexe apoA-I/ABCA1.

Le peptide natriurétique auriculaire induit la différenciation cardiaque dans les cellules souches embryonnaires carcinomateuses de souris P19

Traditionnellement associée à la reproduction féminine, l'ocytocine (OT), une hormone peptidique synthétisée par les noyaux paraventriculaire et supraoptique de l'hypothalamus et sécrétée par l'hypophyse postérieure (neurohypophyse), a été récemment revue et a été démontrée avoir plusieurs nouveaux rôles dans le système cardio-vasculaire. En effet, notre laboratoire a montré que l’OT peut induire la différenciation des cellules souches embryonnaires (CSE) en cardiomyocytes (CM) fonctionnels. À l’aide du modèle cellulaire embryonnaire carcinomateux de souris P19, il a été démontré que ce processus survenait suite à la libération de la guanosine monophosphate cyclique (GMPc) dépendante du monoxyde d’azote. De même, il est connu que le peptide natriurétique auriculaire (ANP), un peptide produit, stocké et sécrété par les myocytes cardiaques, peut aussi induire la production du GMPc. De nombreuses études ont démontré que le cœur ayant subi un infarctus pouvait être régénéré à partir d’une population isolée de cellules souches et progénitrices transplantées. Une de ces populations de cellules, fréquemment isolées à partir d'organes provenant d'animaux aux stades de développement embryonnaire et adulte, appelée « Side Population » (SP), sont identifiées par cytométrie en flux (FACS) comme une population de cellules non marquées par le colorant fluorescent Hoechst 33342 (Ho). Les cellules SP expriment des protéines de transport spécifiques, de la famille ATP-binding cassette, qui ont pour rôle de transporter activement le colorant fluorescent Ho de leur cytoplasme. La sous-population de cellules SP isolée du cœur affiche un potentiel de différenciation cardiaque amélioré en réponse à un traitement avec l’OT. Récemment, l'hétérogénéité phénotypique et fonctionnelle des CSE a été mise en évidence, et cela a été corrélé avec la présence de sous-populations cellulaires ressemblant beaucoup aux cellules SP issues du cœur. Puisque l’ANP peut induire la production du GMPc et qu’il a été démontré que la différenciation cardiaque était médiée par la production du GMPc, alors nous émettons l'hypothèse selon laquelle l’ANP pourrait induire la différenciation cardiaque. Étant donné que les CSE sont composés d’un mélange de différents types cellulaires alors nous émettons aussi l’hypothèse selon laquelle l’utilisation d’une sous-population de CSE plus homogène renforcerait le potentiel de différenciation de l'ANP. Méthodes : Les SP ont été isolées des cellules P19 par FACS en utilisant la méthode d’exclusion du colorant fluorescent Ho. Puis, leur phénotype a été caractérisé par immunofluorescence (IF) pour les marqueurs de l’état indifférencié, d’auto-renouvellement et de pluripotence octamer-binding transcription factor 4 (OCT4) et stage-specific embryonic antigen-1 (SSEA1). Ensuite, la dose pharmacologique optimale d’ANP a été déterminée via des tests de cytotoxicité sur des cellules P19 (MTT assay). Pour induire la différenciation en cardiomyocytes, des cellules à l’état de sphéroïdes ont été formées à l’aide de la technique du « Hanging-Drop » sous la stimulation de l’ANP pendant 5 jours. Puis, des cryosections ont été faites dans les sphéroïdes afin de mettre en évidence la présence de marqueurs de cellules cardiaques progénitrices tels que GATA4, Nkx2.5 et un marqueur mitochondrial spécifique Tom22. Ensuite, les cellules SP P19 ont été stimulées dans les sphéroïdes cellulaires par le traitement avec de l'ANP (10-7 M) ou de l’OT (10-7 M), de l’antagoniste spécifique du guanylate cyclase particulé (GCp) A71915 (10-6 M), ainsi que la combinaison des inducteurs OT+ANP, OT+A71915, ANP+A71915. Après la mise en culture, la différenciation en cardiomyocytes a été identifié par l’apparition de colonies de cellules battantes caractéristiques des cellules cardiaques, par la détermination du phénotype cellulaire par IF, et enfin par l’extraction d'ARN et de protéines qui ont été utilisés pour le dosage du GMPc par RIA, l’expression des ARNm par RT-PCR et l’expression des protéines par immunobuvardage de type western. Résultats : Les sphéroïdes obtenus à l’aide de la technique du « Hanging-Drop » ont montré une hausse modeste de l’expression des ARNm suivants : OTR, ANP et GATA4 comparativement aux cellules cultivées en monocouches. Les sphéroïdes induits par l’ANP ont présenté une augmentation significative des facteurs de transcription cardiaque GATA4 et Nkx2.5 ainsi qu’un plus grand nombre de mitochondries caractérisé par une plus grande présence de Tom22. De plus, L’ANP a induit l’apparition de colonies de cellules battantes du jour 7 (stade précoce) au jour 14 (stade mature) de façon presque similaire à l’OT. Cependant, la combinaison de l’ANP avec l’OT n’a pas induit de colonies de cellules battantes suggérant un effet opposé à celui de l’OT. Par IF, nous avons quantifié (nombre de cellules positives) et caractérisé, du jour 6 au jour 14 de différenciation, le phénotype cardiaque de nos cellules en utilisant les marqueurs suivants : Troponine T Cardiaque, ANP, Connexines 40 et 43, l’isoforme ventriculaire de la chaîne légère de myosine (MLC-2v), OTR. Les SP différenciées sous la stimulation de l’ANP ont montré une augmentation significative du GMPc intracellulaire comparé aux cellules non différenciées. À notre grande surprise, l’antagoniste A71915 a induit une plus grande apparition de colonies de cellules battantes comparativement à l’OT et l’ANP à un jour précoce de différenciation cardiaque et l’ajout de l’OT ou de l’ANP a potentialisé ses effets, augmentant encore plus la proportion de colonies de cellules battantes. De plus, la taille des colonies de cellules battantes était encore plus importante que sous la simple stimulation de l’OT ou de l’ANP. Les analyses radioimmunologiques dans les cellules SP P19 stimulés avec l’ANP, A71915 et la combinaison des deux pendant 15min, 30min et 60min a montré que l’ANP stimule significativement la production du GMPc, cependant A71915 n’abolit pas les effets de l’ANP et celui-ci au contraire stimule la production du GMPc via des effets agonistes partiels. Conclusion : Nos résultats démontrent d’une part que l’ANP induit la différenciation des cellules SP P19 en CM fonctionnels. D’autre part, il semblerait que la voie de signalisation NPRA-B/GCp/GMPc soit impliquée dans le mécanisme de différenciation cardiaque puisque l’abolition du GMPc médiée par le GCp potentialise la différenciation cardiaque et il semblerait que cette voie de signalisation soit additive de la voie de signalisation induite par l’OT, NO/GCs/GMPc, puisque l’ajout de l’OT à l’antagoniste A71915 stimule plus fortement la différenciation cardiaque que l’OT ou l’A71915 seuls. Cela suggère que l’effet thérapeutique des peptides natriurétiques observé dans la défaillance cardiaque ainsi que les propriétés vasodilatatrices de certains antagonistes des récepteurs peptidiques natriurétiques inclus la stimulation de la différenciation des cellules souches en cardiomyocytes. Cela laisse donc à penser que les peptides natriurétiques ou les antagonistes des récepteurs peptidiques natriurétiques pourraient être une alternative très intéressante dans la thérapie cellulaire visant à induire la régénération cardiovasculaire.

Interaction of pesticides with p-glycoprotein and other ABC proteins: A survey of the possible importance to insecticide, herbicide and fungicide resistance

P-glycoproteins (p-gps) are ubiquitous membrane proteins from the ABC (ATP-binding cassette) family. They have been found in many animals, bacteria, plants and fungi and are extremely important in regulating a wide range of xenobiotics including pesticides. P-gps have been linked to xenobiotic resistance, most famously in resistance to cancer drug treatments. Their wide substrate range has led to what is known as "multidrug resistance", where resistance developed to one type of xenobiotic gives resistance to a different classes of xenobiotic. P-gps are a major contributor to drug resistance in mammalian tumours and infections of protozoan parasites such as Plasmodium and Leishmania. There is a growing body of literature suggesting that p-gps, and other ABC proteins, are important in regulating pesticide toxicity and represent potential control failure through the development of pesticide resistance, in both agricultural and medical pests. At the same time, aspects of their biochemistry offer new hope in pest control, in particular in furthering our understanding of toxicity and offering insights into how we can improve control without recourse to new chemical discovery. (c) 2008 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Tissue engineering a fetal membrane

The aim of this study was to construct an artificial fetal membrane (FM) by combination of human amniotic epithelial stem cells (hAESCs) and a mechanically enhanced collagen scaffold containing encapsulated human amniotic stromal fibroblasts (hASFs). Such a tissue-engineered FM may have the potential to plug structural defects in the amniotic sac after antenatal interventions, or to prevent preterm premature rupture of the FM. The hAESCs and hASFs were isolated from human fetal amniotic membrane (AM). Magnetic cell sorting was used to enrich the hAESCs by positive ATP-binding cassette G2 selection. We investigated the use of a laminin/fibronectin (1:1)-coated compressed collagen gel as a novel scaffold to support the growth of hAESCs. A type I collagen gel was dehydrated to form a material mimicking the mechanical properties and ultra-structure of human AM. hAESCs successfully adhered to and formed a monolayer upon the biomimetic collagen scaffold. The resulting artificial membrane shared a high degree of similarity in cell morphology, protein expression profiles, and structure to normal fetal AM. This study provides the first line of evidence that a compacted collagen gel containing hASFs could adequately support hAESCs adhesion and differentiation to a degree that is comparable to the normal human fetal AM in terms of structure and maintenance of cell phenotype.

Effects of ABCA1 SNPs, including the C-105T novel variant, on serum lipids of Brazilian individuals

Background: ABCA1 plays an important role in HDL metabolism. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in ABCA1 gene were associated with variation in plasina HDL-c. Methods: The effect of the ABCA1 SNPs C-14T, R219K and of a novel variant C-105T on serum lipids was investigated in 367 unrelated Brazilian individuals (224 hypercholesterolemic and 143 normolipidemic). The relation between ABCA1 SNPs and the lipid-lowering response to atorvastatin (10 mg/day/4 weeks) was also evaluated in 141 hypercholesterolemic (HC) individuals. The polymorphisms were detected by PCRR_FLP and confirmed by DNA sequencing. Results: Linkage disequilibrium was found between the SNPs C-105T and C-14T in the HC group. HC individuals carrying - 105CT/TT genotypes had higher serum HDL-c and lower triglyceride and VLDL-c concentrations as well as lower TG/HDL-c ratio compared to the -105CC carriers (p<0.05). The R219K SNP was associated with reduced serum triglyceride, VLDL-c and TG/HDL-c ratio in the HC group (p<0.05), and with an increased serum apoAI in NL individuals. The effects of ABCA1 SNPs on basal serum lipids of HC individuals were not modified by atorvastatin treatment. Conclusions: The ABCA1 SNPs R219K and C-105T were associated with a less atherogenic lipid profile but not with the lowering-cholesterol response to atorvastatin in a Brazilian population. (C) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Nitensidine A, a guanidine alkaloid from Pterogyne nitens, is a novel substrate for human ABC transporter ABCB1

The Pterogyne nitens (Fabaceae) tree, native to South America, has been found to produce guanidine alkaloids as well as bioactive flavonols such as kaempferol, quercetin, and rutin. In the present study, we examined the possibility of interaction between human ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter ABCB1 and four guanidine alkaloids isolated from P. nitens (i.e., galegine, nitensidine A, pterogynidine, and pterogynine) using human T cell lymphoblast-like leukemia cell line CCRF-CEM and its multi-drug resistant (MDR) counterpart CEM/ADR5000. In XTT assays, CEM/ADR5000 cells were resistant to the four guanidine alkaloids compared to CCRF-CEM cells, although the four guanidine alkaloids exhibited some level of cytotoxicity against both CCRF-CEM and CEM/ADR5000 cells. In ATPase assays, three of the four guanidine alkaloids were found to stimulate the ATPase activity of ABCB1. Notably, nitensidine A was clearly found to stimulate the ATPase activity of ABCB1 as strongly as the control drug, verapamil. Furthermore, the cytotoxic effect of nitensidine A on CEM/ADR5000 cells was synergistically enhanced by verapamil. Nitensidine A inhibited the extrusion of calcein by ABCB1. In the present study, the possibility of interaction between ABCB1 and two synthetic nitensidine A analogs (nitensidine AT and AU) were examined to gain insight into the mechanism by which nitensidine A stimulates the ATPase activity of ABCB1. The ABCB1-dependent ATPase activity stimulated by nitensidine A was greatly reduced by substituting sulfur (S) or oxygen (O) for the imino nitrogen atom (N) in nitensidine A. Molecular docking studies on human ABCB1 showed that, guanidine alkaloids from P. nitens dock to the same binding pocket as verapamil. Nitensidine A and its analogs exhibit similar binding energies to verapamil. Taken together, this research clearly indicates that nitensidine A is a novel substrate for ABCB1. The present results also suggest that the number, binding site, and polymerization degree of the isoprenyl moiety in the guanidine alkaloids and the imino nitrogen atom cooperatively contribute to their stimulation of ABCB1's ATPase activity. © 2013 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.

Human ABCB1 confers cells resistance to cytotoxic guanidine alkaloids from Pterogyne nitens

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Inhibition of Macrophage Oxidative Stress Prevents the Reduction of ABCA-1 Transporter Induced by Advanced Glycated Albumin

We investigated the role of aminoguanidine and benfotiamine on the inhibition of reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation in macrophages induced by advanced glycated albumin (AGE-albumin) and its relationship with cell cholesterol homeostasis, emphasizing the expression of the ATP binding cassette transporter A-1 (ABCA-1). AGE-albumin was made by incubating fatty acid-free albumin with 10 mM glycolaldehyde. ROS production and ABCA-1 protein level were determined by flow cytometry in J774 macrophages treated along time with control (C) or AGE-albumin alone or in the presence of aminoguanidine or benfotiamine. Mitochondrial function was evaluated by oxygraphy. Compared to C-albumin, AGE-albumin increased ROS production in macrophages, which was ascribed to the activities of NADPH oxidase and of the mitochondrial system. Mitochondrial respiratory chain activity was reduced in cells incubated with AGE-albumin. ROS generation along time was associated with the reduction in macrophage ABCA-1 protein level. Aminoguanidine prevented ROS elevation and restored the ABCA-1 content in macrophages; on the other hand, benfotiamine that promoted a lesser reduction in ROS generation was not able to restore ABCA-1 levels. Inhibition of oxidative stress induced by AGE-albumin prevents disturbances in reverse cholesterol transport by curbing the reduction of ABCA-1 elicited by advanced glycation in macrophages and therefore may contribute to the prevention of atherosclerosis in diabetes mellitus.