Acúmulo e distribuição de boro em cultivares de algodão

O algodoeiro é responsivo à adubação boratada, porém há poucas e controversas observações a respeito da mobilidade do nutriente dentro da planta. Este trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar a translocação e o acúmulo de boro (B) em cultivares de algodão. Quatro cultivares de algodão (FM 993, FM 910, FMT 701 e FMT 523) foram cultivadas em duas concentrações de B (0 e 4,5 mmol L-1) na solução nutritiva, em vasos com capacidade de 8 L preenchidos com areia lavada, por seis semanas. Os vasos receberam solução nutritiva uma vez por semana. Em seguida, as plantas foram amostradas durante quatro semanas consecutivas, determinando-se a matéria seca e acúmulo total de B nas raízes e na parte aérea, a distribuição e acúmulo de B nos tecidos da planta e o teor e acúmulo de B nas folhas em diferentes nós da haste principal. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos ao acaso, em esquema fatorial 4 x 2, com parcelas subdivididas no tempo (semanas de amostragem), com quatro repetições. As cultivares FM 993 e FMT 523 alcançaram maior produção de matéria seca e acúmulo de B na raiz. Plantas cultivadas sem deficiência de B acumulam mais de 50 % do B nas folhas, ao passo que, em plantas sem aplicação do micronutriente, o B se encontra em maior proporção nas raízes e no caule. Não há evidência de translocação de B em diferentes cultivares de algodão, mesmo quando cultivadas em deficiência desse nutriente.

Compared boron uptake and translocation in cotton cultivars

The mobility of boron (B), a commonly deficient micronutrient in cotton, has been shown to be low in the plant phloem. Nevertheless, studies have indicated that cotton cultivars can respond differently to B application. A greenhouse experiment was conducted to compare B absorption and mobility in cotton cultivars grown in nutrient solution. Treatments consisted of three cotton cultivars (FMT 701, DP 604BG and FMX 993), and five B rates (0.0, 2.5, 5.0, 10.0, and 20.0 µmol L-1). Plant growth and development were monitored for four weeks from the appearance of the first square. The time of onset and severity of B deficiency symptoms varied among cotton cultivars. Initial B uptake of cv. DP 604BG was lower than of the other cultivars, but a greater amount of available B in the nutrient solution was required to prevent deficiency symptoms in this cultivar. Boron deficiency impairs cotton growth, with no differences among cultivars, regardless of the time of appearance and intensity of B deficiency symptoms.

Les proches des personnes souffrant d'une démence

Les syndromes démentiels évoluent sur plusieurs années et touchent la personne dans sa globalité, altérant ses fonctions cognitives, son comportement et ses capacités relationnelles. Le patient perd peu à peu son indépendance. Les proches vont alors jouer un rôle essentiel auprès de lui et devront s'adapter à l'évolution de ses besoins, assumant progressivement surveillance, guidance et aide concrète. L'inestimable contribution des familles et les difficultés liées à l'exercice de ce rôle sont encore trop peu reconnues. De nombreuses études décrivent les conséquences négatives de l'aide naturelle. Toutefois les données sont moins riches quant aux déterminants de ces conséquences. Les proches ont souvent besoin d'information, de conseil et de soutien psychologique. Les programmes psychoéducatifs sont une des possibilités d'aide auprès de l'entourage de patients déments. [Auteurs]

Conditional manipulation of sex ratios by ant workers: A test of kin selection theory

Variable queen mating frequencies provide a unique opportunity to study the resolution of worker-queen conflict over sex ratio in social Hymenoptera, because the conflict is maximal in colonies headed by a singly mated queen and is weak or nonexistent in colonies headed by a multiply mated queen. In the wood ant Formica exsecta, workers in colonies with a singly mated queen, but not those in colonies with a multiply mated queen, altered the sex ratio of queen-laid eggs by eliminating males to preferentially raise queens. By this conditional response to queen mating frequency, workers enhance their inclusive fitness.

Dispersal (Entropy) and Recognition (Information) as Foundations of Emergence and Dissolvence

The objective of this essay is to reflect on a possible relation between entropy and emergence. A qualitative, relational approach is followed. We begin by highlighting that entropy includes the concept of dispersal, relevant to our enquiry. Emergence in complex systems arises from the coordinated behavior of their parts. Coordination in turn necessitates recognition between parts, i.e., information exchange. What will be argued here is that the scope of recognition processes between parts is increased when preceded by their dispersal, which multiplies the number of encounters and creates a richer potential for recognition. A process intrinsic to emergence is dissolvence (aka submergence or top-down constraints), which participates in the information-entropy interplay underlying the creation, evolution and breakdown of higher-level entities.