654 resultados para 992


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采伐迹地上运走大径级的原木所剩下的枝桠物质是生态系统养分能量的来源;是动力,植物和微生物物栖息地。在本世纪五十年代就有人(A. A. Loman)对择伐和皆伐迹地上的枝桠进行了研究,用以比较它们树皮存留率的差异,但详细深入的研究是在八十年代以后,以R. L. Edmonds, C. E. Pertson为代表研究不同层次,不同径级研究枝桠的分解速率,我国在此领域的研究尚属空白。本文以长白山阔叶红松林带的四个树种:红松,白桦,落叶松,色木为对象探讨了它们枝桠的生物量,分解速率,分解过程中的养分动态以及枝桠堆对更新和火灾的影响。采伐后0-14后间,迹地上枝桠干重为31.96-9.60T/ha,通过对7个年代采伐迹地上枝桠堆面积估算后得知,枝桠堆平均占地为11.53%,以1CM直径累计值对应的枝桠堆的高度(Y:CM)为因变量,分解时间(X, yr)为自变量,则枝桠堆高度随时间变化的过程可以描述为:Y = 1.288 - 0.000889 X~2 r = -0.9896。本文以密度(Y: g/CM~3)随分解年令(X: yr)的变化来表示分解速率。四十年代样品用排水法求出来的密度与用园柱法求出的密度有如下相关关系:Y排 = 0.0129 +2.316 Y园,r = 0.94 Y表示密度(g/CM~3)。我们用单项指数模型描述分解速率:落叶松:Y = 0.4701 * exp (-0.01783 X) r = -0.927 色木: Y = 0.6742 * exp (-0.07824 X) r = -0.988 红松:Y = 0.5349 * exp (-0.03421 X) r = -0.927 桦树:Y = 0.5316 * exp (-0.1139 X) r = -0.992 红松树皮的分解模型近似于直线:Y = 0.5258 - 0.01133 X r = -0.984 落叶松,红松,色木,桦树的分解常数分别为:0.01783, 0.0.41, 0.0782, 0.1139。依此预测分解原密度的95%所需要的时间分别为:168年,87.6年,38.3年,26年。可以看出这四个树种分解从难到易的顺序为:落叶松 > 红松 > 色木 > 桦树。对枝桠密度的差民显著性检验可以说明:红松样品层次对分解的影响显著而径级对分解的影响仅在下层显著。随着分解的进行,样品的重量损失,我们也探讨了密度的降低与失重百分率之间的关系。桦树样品下层失重比上层快,说明淋溶作用对桦树样品失重的贡献不大。温湿度是影响分解的最主要的生态因子。枝桠堆上下层的湿度差异特别明显。分解时间越长,径级对含水量的影响越显著。水分含量(Y:%)随年代(X: yr)变化的趋势为:Y = 36.18 - 0.004337 X~2 (4-7cm径级)Y = 33.64 - 0.01097 X~2 (1-4cm径级) 温,湿度影响土壤动物及微生物种群分布及数量,进而影响到枝桠的分解速率,分解过程中元素动态变化是:C基本上恒定,全N含量趋于增高。径级对红松N的累积有影响。下层4-6cm径极累积最快,其次是上层4-6cm。层次的影响仅限于红松,除72年以外上层 > 下层。其它元素如P, Mg++, Ca++总的趋势是随分解过程而增加。土壤中的C元素含量受立地条件的影响,但是枝桠堆下面土壤C值高于对照。枝桠堆对森林更新和火灾均有影响。枝桠是林火的燃料,枝桠堆面积占采伐迹地的11.53%,这样减少更新面积。

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Numerical simulations of the multi-shock interactions observable around hypersonic vehicles were carried out by solving Navier-Stokes equations with the AUSMPW scheme and the new type of the IV interaction created by two incident shock waves was investigated in detail. Numerical results show that the intersection point of the second incident shock with the bow shock plays important role on the flow pattern, peak pressures and heat fluxes. In the case of two incident shocks interacting with the bow shock at the same position, the much higher peak pressure and more severe heat transfer rate are induced than the classical IV interaction. The phenomenon is referred to as the multi-shock interaction and higher requirements will be imposed on thermal protection systems.

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<正>_2整合素(LFA-1和Mac-1)与其配体细胞间粘附分子-1(ICAM-1)的相互作用在诸如肿瘤转移、炎症反应等许多病理生理过程中起着重要的作用。研究表明,中性粒细胞(PMN)在特定环境下可通过_2整合素与ICAM-1的相互作用而增强黑色素瘤细胞的转移能力,但是其动力学调控机制还不清楚。受体-配体键结合和解离的二维反应动力学定量描述了分子结合的快慢和强弱,是回答_2整合素与ICAM-1相互作用如何调

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IEECAS SKLLQG

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利用高能重离子(Kr, Xe, Sn和Pb )辐照处于 16或 100 K的低熔点纯金属 Bi,通过测量分析辐照引起的样品电阻率增量及其变化速率随辐照剂量的变化,研究了入射离子在Bi中引起的辐照损伤效应如辐照损伤效率及复杂缺陷的产生等.结果表明,强的电子能损可在纯金属Bi中引起附加缺陷的产生,从而使得辐照损伤效率>1.电子能损值大时,入射离子在Bi中引起的辐照效应主要是电子能损效应.辐照温度和入射离子速度对辐照效应的强弱有一定的影响.

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A penning trap system called LPT (LANZHOU PENNING TRAP) is now being developed for precise mass measurements in IMP (Institute of Modern Physics). The most key component of LPT is a superconducting magnet. A Phi 156 mm warm bore and two cylinder good field regions with a distance of 220 mm are required for trapping ions and measurements. As the required homogeneity is better than 0.5 ppm, several complicated coaxial coils are used to produce such a magnetic field. The size and position of these coils are optimized by using a method combining linear program with multiobjective optimization. Superconducting shim coils and passive shim pieces are used to eliminate inevitable winding tolerances and environmental influence. The fringe field is decreased to 5 Gs at 2 m line from the center of the magnet by active shielding coils. The designs of the mechanical structure, the quench protection system are also introduced in this paper.

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农田防护林 (林带 )的空间配置与布局是影响防护林结构和防护效益发挥并持续的关键因素 .为达到农田防护林防护效益最大并持续的经营目标 ,在保证林分多样性和稳定性的条件下 ,林带必须具有空间上布局的合理性和时间上的连续性 .经过多年防护林营林研究实践 ,在对 1 992年于辽宁省昌图县双井子乡设计营造的试验示范林带调查的基础上 ,对农田防护林单条林带方向的设置、带内树木的空间搭配方式、树种组成形式 ,多条林带或林网的带间距离以及大面积或区域防护林体系的空间景观布局等进行了综合研究 .结果表明 ,单条林带和林网走向都应以垂直主害风作为设计的原则 ;林带内树木的空间搭配以”品”字型为佳 ,在不同树种混交的同一条林带中 ,可利用”边行优势”将生长相对缓慢的树种配置于边行 ,生长相对迅速的树种配置于内行 ;多条林带或林网空间配置参数———带间距离的设计应以林带达到初始防护成熟龄时的树高作为成林高 ,以林带结构变化规律和降低害风比例作为林带设计关键参数 ;区域防护林体系的空间布局应以景观生态学原理为基础 ,对林网体系进行评价与调控

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黄土高原土壤侵蚀与旱地农业国家重点实验室土壤侵蚀模拟实验大厅自 1 992年竣工以来运转正常 ,在降雨面积之大、降雨强度调节范围之宽、降雨特性与天然降雨之接近程度、以及自动化控制程度等方面 ,目前均为全国之最。在土壤侵蚀实验研究中发挥了重要作用。在论述土壤侵蚀模拟实验重要意义的基础上 ,简要介绍了有关模拟降雨装置 (包括降雨喷头、供水管网等 )的设计依据、选型和布设安装等情况 ,并介绍了模拟降雨的基本特征。

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利用1991~2000年逐日气象资料以及20世纪80年代末和90年代末土地利用数据,估算了东北地区气候波动和LUCC过程对农田生产潜力的影响。结果显示:90年代东北地区由于作物生长季内气候变暖和降水减少,生产潜力普遍降低6.45%,其中降水量变化的区域差异是导致生产潜力变化区域分异的主要原因。在LUCC过程的影响下,东北地区生产潜力总量净增加2402.79×104t。从气候波动和LUCC过程对生产潜力的影响程度看,气候波动要低于LUCC过程的作用,LUCC过程所导致的生产潜力的增长趋势抵消了气候波动所带来的降低趋势,10年间东北地区农田生产潜力总量净增加992.23×104t。

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Rare earth oxide, neodymium oxide (Nd2O3), CO-catalyzed melt grafting of maleic anhydride (MAH) onto co-polypropylene (co-PP) in the presence of dicumyl peroxide (DCP) was carried out by reactive extrusion. The experimental results reveal that the addition of Nd2O3 as a coagent leads to an enhancement in both MFR and the grafting degree of MAH, along with a simultaneous decrease in the gel content. When the Nd2O3 concentration is 6.0 mmol%, the increment of the grafting degree of MAH maximally is up to about 20% compared with the related system without adding Nd2O3, and the gel content decreases simultaneously to a very low level of about 3%. Attenuated total reflection FTIR (ATR-FTIR) indicates that the gel in the graft copolymers mainly arise from the cross-linking reaction between ethylene units of co-PP. A reasonable reaction mechanism has been put forward on the basis of our experimental results and other mechanisms reported in the literature. We also tentatively explain above results by means of synergistic effect between DCP and Nd2O3, which causes a higher concentration of the macroradical, in particular the tertiary macroradical.