El método de producción diaria de huevos en la estimación de la biomasa desovante del stock norte-centro de la anchoveta peruana

Se presenta una revision de los resultados obtenidos con la aplicacion del Método de Producción de Huevos, en los años 1981, 1985, 1990, 1994, 1995 Y 1996 para estimar la biomasa desovante de la anchoveta peruana Engraulis ringens del stock norte-centro, durante el periodo de máximo desove, que ocurre en invierno. Los estimados de biomasa desovante obtenidos estuvieron entre 1,2 Y 8,5 millones de toneladas, con CV entre 0,16 y 0,28. Se determino que los parámetros mas sensibles a las variaciones son la fecundidad, frecuencia de desove y la producción de huevos, afectando significativamente los estimados finales de la biomasa.

The curse of aid

Foreign aid provides a windfall of resources to recipient countries and may result in the same rent seeking behavior as documented in the curse of natural resources literature. In this paper we discuss this effect and document its magnitude. Using data for 108 recipient countries in the period 1960 to 1999, we find that foreign aid has a negative impact on democracy. In particular, if the foreign aid over GDP that a country receives over a period of five years reaches the 75th percentile in the sample, then a 10-point index of democracy is reduced between 0.6 and one point, a large effect. For comparison, we also measure the effect of oil rents on political institutions. The fall in democracy if oil revenues reach the 75th percentile is smaller, (0.02). Aid is a bigger curse than oil.

Crescimento e acúmulo de crômio em alface cultivada em dois latossolos tratados com CrCl3 e resíduos de curtume

Resíduos sólidos de curtume e CrCl3 foram aplicados em dois solos, Latossolo Roxo eutrófico (LRe) unidade Ribeirão Preto e Latossolo Vermelho-Amarelo (LVA) unidade Laranja Azeda, que se diferenciaram, dentre outros atributos, pelo teor de manganês facilmente redutível. Os resíduos utilizados foram lodo do efluente de caleiro com concentração 0,06 g kg-1 de crômio (LCL) e um lodo do decantador primário (LCR), contendo 17,4 g kg-1 de crômio, ambos na matéria seca, aplicados em doses correspondentes a 10, 20 e 30 Mg ha-1 e 19, 38 e 57 Mg ha-1 (base seca), respectivamente, de acordo com o teor de nitrogênio total de cada um. O CrCl3 foi aplicado nas doses de 330, 660 e 990 kg ha-1 de Cr, equivalentes às doses do metal aplicadas na forma de lodo (LCR). Realizou-se o experimento em vasos alocados em casa de vegetação (blocos ao acaso), que foram monitorados quanto à formação de Cr6+, aos 1, 6, 14, 28, 54 e 86 dias da instalação. Após o 56° dia de incubação, foi transplantada uma muda de alface (Lactuca sativa L.) para cada vaso, cultivada por um período de trinta dias. A oxidação do Cr3+ a Cr6+ foi verificada apenas para o LRe nos tratamentos que receberam doses crescentes de CrCl3. A formação de Cr6+ teve máximo entre 0,72 e 1,16% do Cr3+ aplicado, após um dia de incubação, decrescendo com o tempo, não sendo detectada a sua presença, para nenhuma das doses, após o 54° dia. A aplicação dos resíduos elevou a condutividade elétrica do extrato de saturação (2:1) de 1,40 a 5,07 Ds m-1 e a RAS de 3,05 a 14,12, afetando o desenvolvimento da alface e causando a morte das plantas nas doses mais altas, sendo tais efeitos mais pronunciados no LVA. A concentração de crômio na parte aérea das plantas aumentou, nem sempre de forma proporcional, com o aumento das doses aplicadas na forma de lodo ou sal, com efeito mais acentuado para o LVA do que para o LRe. A aplicação de resíduos de curtume no experimento, para ambos os solos, mostrou-se mais limitante pelo seu conteúdo de sais do que pela presença de crômio.

Role of sigmaB in the expression of Staphylococcus aureus cell wall adhesins ClfA and FnbA and contribution to infectivity in a rat model of experimental endocarditis.

Isogenic Staphylococcus aureus strains with different capacities to produce sigma(B) activity were analyzed for their ability to attach to fibrinogen- or fibronectin-coated surfaces or platelet-fibrin clots and to cause endocarditis in rats. In comparison to the sigma(B)-deficient strain, BB255, which harbors an rsbU mutation, both rsbU-complemented and sigma(B)-overproducing derivatives exhibited at least five times greater attachment to fibrinogen- and fibronectin-coated surfaces and showed increased adherence to platelet-fibrin clots. No differences in adherence were seen between BB255 and a DeltarsbUVWsigB isogen. Northern blotting analyses revealed that transcription of clfA, encoding fibrinogen-binding protein clumping factor A, and fnbA, encoding fibronectin-binding protein A, were positively influenced by sigma(B). Sigma(B) overproduction resulted in a statistically significant increase in positive spleen cultures and enhanced bacterial densities in both the aortic vegetations and spleens at 16 h postinoculation. In contrast, at 72 h postinoculation, tissues infected with the sigma(B) overproducer had lower bacterial densities than did those infected with BB255. These results suggest that although sigma(B) appears to increase the adhesion of S. aureus to various host cell-matrix proteins in vitro, it has limited effect on pathogenesis in the rat endocarditis model. Sigma(B) appears to have a transient enhancing effect on bacterial density in the early stages of infection that is lost during progression.

Comparison of the methane oxidation rate in four media

Landfill gas emissions are one of the main sources of anthropogenic methane (CH4), a major greenhouse gas. In this paper, an economically attractive alternative to minimize greenhouse gas emissions from municipal solid waste landfills was sought. This alternative consists in special biofilters as landfill covers with oxidative capacity in the presence of CH4. To improve the quality/cost ratio of the project, compost was chosen as one of the cover substrates and soil (Typic red yellow-silt-clay Podzolic) as the other. The performance of four substrates was studied in laboratory experiments: municipal solid waste (MSW) compost, soil, and two soil-compost at different proportions. This study aimed to evaluate the suitability and environmental compatibility as a means of CH4 oxidation in biofilters. Four biofilters were constructed in 60 cm PVC tubes with an internal diameter of 10 cm. Each filter contained 2.3 L of oxidizing substrate at the beginning of the experiment. The gas used was a mixture of CH4 and air introduced at the bottom of each biofilter, at a flow of 150 mL min-1, by a flow meter. One hundred days after the beginning of the experiment, the best biofilter was the MSW compost with an oxidation rate of 990 g m-3 day-1 , corresponding to an efficiency of 44 %. It can be concluded that the four substrates studied have satisfactory oxidative capacity, and the substrates can be used advantageously as cover substrate of MSW landfills.

Recueil de deux traités de Mysticisme.

Un traité d'ontologie, écrit par un auteur anonyme, en l'année 988 de l'hégire (1580), dans le sanğak de Sirim, après qu'il eut fait une retraite de quarante jours auprès d'un sheïkh soufi célèbre, Mir Sektavar, surnommé Mohammed Beg, dont il répéta les doctrines et les théories. Cet opuscule traite des idiosyncrasies des quatre aspects entre lesquels les Mystiques divisent le monde : le monde de la Divinité, le monde de la Toute-puissance, le monde de la Souveraineté, le monde du Royaume, et des trois Discriminants (folio 1 verso) ; un traité, sans titre, qui fut écrit, évidemment par le même auteur, au mois de Rebiʿ premier 990, sur les instances répétées d'un de ses amis, le defterdar Hasan Čelebi, à Constantinople, sur les trois classes des hommes (folio 54 verso), déterminées par leurs rapports avec les degrés du monde, avec les stades du monde tangible (folio 47 verso), et étudiées dans une rédaction très diffuse.

Mitochondrial apoptosis is dispensable for NLRP3 inflammasome activation but non-apoptotic caspase-8 is required for inflammasome priming.

A current paradigm proposes that mitochondrial damage is a critical determinant of NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Here, we genetically assess whether mitochondrial signalling represents a unified mechanism to explain how NLRP3 is activated by divergent stimuli. Neither co-deletion of the essential executioners of mitochondrial apoptosis BAK and BAX, nor removal of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore component cyclophilin D, nor loss of the mitophagy regulator Parkin, nor deficiency in MAVS affects NLRP3 inflammasome function. In contrast, caspase-8, a caspase essential for death-receptor-mediated apoptosis, is required for efficient Toll-like-receptor-induced inflammasome priming and cytokine production. Collectively, these results demonstrate that mitochondrial apoptosis is not required for NLRP3 activation, and highlight an important non-apoptotic role for caspase-8 in regulating inflammasome activation and pro-inflammatory cytokine levels.

Predictors of endocarditis in isolates from cultures of blood following dental extractions in rats with periodontal disease.

Rats with periodontitis and catheter-induced aortic valve vegetations underwent dental extractions. Cultures of blood obtained 1 min later showed polymicrobial bacteremia in 19 of 19 rats, mostly due to viridans streptococci (18 of 19), Morganella (15 of 19), group G streptococci (13 of 19), and Staphylococcus aureus (10 of 19). Viridans streptococci circulated in higher numbers than did group G streptococci and S. aureus (P less than .01). Three days after dental extractions, 18 of 20 rats had endocarditis. Fifteen (83%) of 18 infections were due to group G streptococci, 9 (50%) of 18 were due to S. aureus, and 2 (11%) of 18 were due to viridans streptococci (P less than .05). In vitro, adherence to platelet-fibrin matrices of endocarditis strain 8 of group G streptococcus was two times greater than that of endocarditis strain S. aureus 23 and three to four times greater than that of Streptococcus sanguis 44 and Morganella morganii 93 (P less than 10(-5)). The inoculum size that produced endocarditis in 90% of rats after iv challenge was 10(5) cfu for group G streptococcus strain 8 and 10(7) for S. sanguis 44.

Tests diagnostiques rapides (TDR): la panacée pour le praticien [Rapid diagnostic tests (RDT): the cure-all for the practitioner?].

Many rapid diagnostic tests (RDT) for the diagnosis of infectious diseases have been developed over the last 20 years. These allow (1) administering a treatment immediately in case of a potentially fatal disease, (2) prescribing a specific rather than presumptive treatment, (3) quickly introducing measures aimed at interrupting the transmission of the disease, (4) avoiding useless antibiotic treatments and (5) implementing a sequential diagnostic strategy to avoid extensive investigations. Using the example of malaria, a new strategy that includes a RDT as first-line emergency diagnostic tool and, when negative, delayed microscopy at the laboratory opening time is implemented in Lausanne since 1999. This strategy has been shown to be safe. Each TDR has its own characteristics that imperatively need to be known by the practitioner if he/she wants to use it in a rational way.