苍山冷杉复合体的居群遗传变异与谱系地理学

青藏高原为冷杉属(Abies)的多度中心，共分布有10种，9变种和4亚种。其中苍山冷杉复合体(Abies delavayi complex)包括3种，5变种和2亚种。它们的形态性状变异较小，且分布区重叠。迄今对该复合体的遗传多样性水平、分化程度以及进化历史仍缺乏了解。 本研究对苍山冷杉复合体的14个居群、302个个体进行取样，并对193个个体的母系遗传线粒体DNA nad1 intron2区和276个个体的父系遗传的叶绿体DNA trnS-trnG区进行了序列分析。该复合体的线粒体DNA nad1 intron2区的序列为675bp，其中有4个单碱基变异和1个插入/缺失，可分为6种线粒体单倍型。这14个居群的线粒体总核苷酸多态性(π)为0.00114，单倍型多态性(Hd)为0.627，居群间的遗传变异(FST)高达84.034%。叶绿体DNA trnS-trnG区的序列排列后为718bp，共有8个单碱基变异和4个插入/缺失，可分为12种叶绿体单倍型。这14个居群的总核苷酸多态性(π)为0.00116，单倍型多态性(Hd)为0.590，居群间的遗传变异(FST)为65.830%。以上结果显示苍山冷杉复合体居群间已经产生了强烈的遗传分化。叶绿体的3种主导单倍型(H1、H2和 H3)在YLXS、SKXS、GS和WX 4个居群中都有分布;而其它居群则只有主导单倍型(除SJLS外)中的1种或2种。造成边缘居群(如JZS)多样性较低的主要原因是冰期后群体在迁移过程中的遗传漂变和奠基者效应。根据谱系关系线粒体H1型和叶绿体H3型均为较古老的单倍型，线粒体和叶绿体的谱系关系均支持上述分析。 本研究初步推测青藏高原的东南部—横断山区(包括YLXS、SKXS、GS、WX、BMXS、ELS和EMS)可能为苍山冷杉复合体的冰期避难所，群体存在冰期后向西和向南扩张的过程。间冰期群体隔离和扩张过程中的奠基者效应是形成目前居群分化和遗传多样性分布格局的重要因素。

Benthic habitats of Buck Island Reef National Monument

NOAA’s Center for Coastal Monitoring and Assessment’s Biogeography Branch has mapped and characterized large portions of the coral reef ecosystems inside the U.S. coastal and territorial waters, including the U.S. Caribbean. The complementary protocols used in these efforts have enabled scientists and managers to quantitatively compare different marine ecosystems in tropical U.S. waters. The Biogeography Branch used these same general protocols to generate three seamless habitat maps of the Bank/Shelf (i.e., from 0 ≤50 meters) and the Bank/Shelf Escarpment (i.e., from 50 ≤1,000 meters and from 1,000 ≤ 1,830 meters) inside Buck Island Reef National Monument (BIRNM). While this mapping effort marks the fourth time that the shallow-water habitats of BIRNM have been mapped, it is the first time habitats deeper than 30 meters (m) have been characterized. Consequently, this habitat map provides information on the distribution of mesophotic and deep-water coral reef ecosystems and serves as a spatial baseline for monitoring change in the Monument. A benthic habitat map was developed for approximately 74.3 square kilometers or 98% of the BIRNM using a combination of semi-automated and manual classification methods. The remaining 2% was not mapped due to lack of imagery in the western part of the Monument at depths ranging from 1,000 to 1,400 meters. Habitats were interpreted from orthophotographs, LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) imagery and four different types of MBES (Multibeam Echosounder) imagery. Three minimum mapping units (MMUs) (100, 1,000 and 5,000 square meters) were used because of the wide range of depths present in the Monument. The majority of the area that was characterized was deeper than 30 m on the Bank/Shelf Escarpment. This escarpment area was dominated by uncolonized sand which transitioned to mud as depth increased. Bedrock was exposed in some areas of the escarpment, where steep slopes prevented sediment deposition. Mesophotic corals were seen in the underwater video, but were too sparsely distributed to be reliably mapped from the source imagery. Habitats on the Bank/Shelf were much more variable than those seen on the Bank/Shelf Escarpment. The majority of this shelf area was comprised of coral reef and hardbottom habitat dominated by various forms of turf, fleshy, coralline or filamentous algae. Even though algae was the dominant biological cover type, nearly a quarter (24.3%) of the Monument’s Bank/Shelf benthos hosted a cover of 10%-<50% live coral. In total, 198 unique combinations of habitat classes describing the geography, geology and biology of the sea-floor were identified from the three types of imagery listed above. No thematic accuracy assessment was conducted for areas deeper than about 50 meters, most of which was located in the Bank/Shelf Escarpment. The thematic accuracy of classes in waters shallower than approximately 50 meters ranged from 81.4% to 94.4%. These thematic accuracies are similar to those reported for other NOAA benthic habitat mapping efforts in St. John (>80%), the Main Eight Hawaiian Islands (>84.0%) and the Republic of Palau (>80.0%). These digital maps products can be used with confidence by scientists and resource managers for a multitude of different applications, including structuring monitoring programs, supporting management decisions, and establishing and managing marine conservation areas. The final deliverables for this project, including the benthic habitat maps, source imagery and in situ field data, are available to the public on a NOAA Biogeography Branch website (http://ccma.nos.noaa.gov/ecosystems/coralreef/stcroix.aspx) and through an interactive, web-based map application (http://ccma.nos.noaa.gov/explorer/biomapper/biomapper.html?id=BUIS). This report documents the process and methods used to create the shallow to deep-water benthic habitat maps for BIRNM. Chapter 1 provides a short introduction to BIRNM, including its history, marine life and ongoing research activities. Chapter 2 describes the benthic habitat classification scheme used to partition the different habitats into ecologically relevant groups. Chapter 3 explains the steps required to create a benthic habitat map using a combination of semi-automated and visual classification techniques. Chapter 4 details the steps used in the accuracy assessment and reports on the thematic accuracy of the final shallow-water map. Chapter 5 summarizes the type and abundance of each habitat class found inside BIRNM, how these habitats compare to past habitat maps and outlines how these new habitat maps may be used to inform future management activities.

Growth performance and morphological variations of local and Thai climbing perch (Anabas testudineus, Bloch)

Climbing perch locally known as koi (Anabas testudineus) is a popular food fish in our country. Thai climbing perch was introduced in Bangladesh from Thailand. To explore the variation in growth performance and orphological features of local and Thai climbing perch a study was undertaken. The highest gain in length, weight and SGR were found in Thai koi 12.23±0.38 cm, 55.83±0.53 g and 7.92±0.11 %/day respectively. Fourteen morphometric characters were studied where eleven (TL, SL, HL, HBD, LBD, DFL, PECFL, PELFL, AFL, UJL and LJL) showed significant difference (p<0.01) in Thai koi from the local ones. Of the meristic characters no. of dorsal fin rays (hard), anal fin rays (hard), caudal fin rays and scale along lateral line (upper and lower) as recorded from the Thai koi were significantly higher (p<0.01) than that of the local koi. The no. of dorsal fin rays (soft) in Thai koi were also significantly higher (p<0.05) from that of local koi. The number of vertebra were also variable in local and Thai climbing perch (25 in case of local koi and 26 in case of Thai koi). Hence, the results obtained form the present study satisfy the characteristics of A. testudineus which reveals that both the local and Thai koi belongs to the same species. Growth performance of Thai koi was better compared to local koi reared in same conditions.

Pitfalls in the analysis of ancient human mtDNA

The retrieval of DNA from ancient human specimens is not always successful owing to DNA deterioration and contamination although it is vital to provide new insights into the genetic structure of ancient people and to reconstruct the past history. Normally, only short DNA fragments can be retrieved from the ancient specimens. How to identify the authenticity of DNA obtained and to uncover the information it contained are difficult. We employed the ancient mtDNAs reported from Central Asia (including Xinjiang, China) as an example to discern potentially extraneous DNA contamination based on the updated mtDNA phylogeny derived from mtDNA control region, coding region, as well as complete sequence information. Our results demonstrated that many mtDNAs reported are more or less problematic. Starting from a reliable mtDNA phylogeney and combining the available modern data into analysis, one can ascertain the authenticity of the ancient DNA, distinguish the potential errors in a data set, and efficiently decipher the meager information it harbored. The reappraisal of the mtDNAs with the age of more than 2000 years from Central Asia gave support to the suggestion of extensively (pre)historical gene admixture in this region.

Human-humanoid interaction: Is a humanoid robot perceived as a human?

As humanoid robots become more commonplace in our society, it is important to understand the relation between humans and humanoid robots. In human face-to-face interaction, the observation of another individual performing an action facilitates the execution of a similar action, and interferes with the execution of different action. This phenomenon has been explained by the existence of shared internal representations for the execution and perception of actions, which would be automatically activated by the perception of another individual's action. In one interference experiment, null interference was reported when subjects observed a robotic arm perform the incongruent task, suggesting that this effect may be specific to interacting with other humans. This experimental paradigm, designed to investigate motor interference in human interactions, was adapted to investigate how similar the implicit perception of a humanoid robot is to a human agent. Subjects performed rhythmic arm movements while observing either a human agent or humanoid robot performing either congruent or incongruent movements. The variance of the executed movements was used as a measure of the amount of interference in the movements. Both the human and humanoid agents produced significant interference effect. These results suggest that observing the action of humanoid robot and human agent may rely on similar perceptual processes. Furthermore, the ratio of the variance in incongruent to congruent conditions varied between the human agent and humanoid robot. We speculate this ratio describes how the implicit perception of a robot is similar to that of a human, so that this paradigm could provide an objective measure of the reaction to different types of robots and be used to guide the design of humanoid robots interacting with humans. © 2004 IEEE.

Effect of delayed icing on the quality of tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon Fab.)

Effect of delayed icing on the quality of Penaeus monodon iced after three hours of harvest was studied in plastic and bamboo baskets. After harvest of three hours at ambient temperature (28°-32°C), ice was added to the shrimp at a ratio of 1:1 (shrimp:ice) and stored for 21 hours in both the baskets. Quality evaluation was carried out through visual assessment, biochemical analysis and microbial analysis for 24 hours. The organoleptic evaluation and scoring was done from the time of harvest treated as 0 hour and the average score was 10. At 9th hour after iced condition quality of shrimp was found reduced to the next stage (acceptable) with a score ranged from 8.4-6.5 in both baskets. This acceptable stage was observed throughout the experiment for bamboo basket whereas in the plastic basket the quality was reduced to a small extent with a score of 6.4 (moderately acceptable). Till the end point of the experiment the quality of shrimp was acceptable in respect to biochemical analysis. The microbial load was found log sub(10) 3.99±0.12 cfu/g to log sub(10) 4.33±0.21 cfu/g and log sub(10) 4.01 ±0.12 cfu/g to log sub(10) 4.83±0.19 cfu/g in the bamboo and plastic basket respectively. The importers or buyers suggests for immediate icing to maintain good quality but results of the present experiment suggest that the quality does not vary drastically for first three hours.

Influence of cold storage time on the protein changes and fatty acids deterioration of (Rutilus frisi kutum) during frozen storage

The main aim of this research was to identify fatty acids composition of Caspian sea of White fish Rutilus frisi kutum tissue and their changes during one year cold storage (-18Ċ).The secondary aim was to determine the changes of moisture, ash, protein, fat, and to investigate the effects of storage time on peroxide, TBAi, FFA, and extractability of myofibrillar proteins of the fish tissue during one year cold storage (-18 Ċ). 10 samples of (Rutilus frisi kutum) were randomly collected from Anzali landings. The samples were frozen at -30 Ċ and kept in cold storage at -18Ċ for one year. According to time table, the samples were examined. The results showed that 27 fatty acids were identified. The unsaturated fatty acids (UFA) and saturated fatty acids (SFA) were 74/09 and 21/63 %, respectively, in fresh tissue. So that DHA (C22:6) oleic acid (C18:1c) had high amounts (15/07 ,20/57 ) among the UFA and palmitic acid (C16:0) was the most (13/09 %) among the SFA. The effects of freezing and cold storage on fish tissue showed that UFA and SFA contents have reached to 58/79 and 22/17 %, respectively, at the end of cold storage. It indicated that these compound change to each other during frozen storage. Also ω-3 and ω-6 series of fatty acids was 24/22 and 15/56% in fresh tissue, but their contents decreased to 8/68 and 5/11% at the end of period. Among the fatty acids C22:6, C18:1c and C16:0 had the most changes. The changes of fatty acids were significantly at 95% level expected for C18:0. Results showed that moisture, ash, protein, and fat contents were 75/9±0/03, 1/28±0/012, 21/8±0/2, and 4/1±0/01 % respectively, in fresh tissue. The moisture, ash, protein, and fat contents were 72/3±0/04, 1/83±0/05, 1/91±0/01 and 19/9±0/01 % respectively, at the end of storage period. Lipid damage was measured on the basis of free fatty acids (FFA), peroxide value (PV), and Thiobarbituric acid index (TBA-i). PV, TBARS and FFA concentration of frozen Caspian Sea white fish stored at -18 Ċ the temporal variation of these three variables were statistically significant (p<0.001). Results of White fish myofibrillar proteins showed aggregation of bound reduced for stored at 12 months. SDS-PAGE analysis revealed that, the intensity of the myosin heavy chain and actin bound was reduced with increasing storage time. SDS-PAGE patterns showed that myosin heavy chain was much more susceptible to hydrolysis than actin. Key words: Rutilus frisi kutum, frozen storage, ω-3, ω-6, protein myofibrillar

滇池金线鲃形态度量学分析(Cypriniformes:Cyprinidae)

运用多变量形态度量学和框架结构形态学的方法,测量了采自滇池流域6个不同地点的149尾滇池金线鲃(Sinocyclocheilus grahami)的标本.应用多变量形态度量学分析,选择了20个框架结构性状和19个常规性状,进行主成成分分析.主成成分分析结果的散布图显示,6个不同地点的标本聚在一起没有分开,表明滇池金线鲃的各居群之间在可数性状和可量性状上均未表现出明显的差异,说明滇池金线鲃在形态上还未发生明显的种下分化.

池塘养殖环境下滇池金线鲃仔稚鱼的食性转化与生长

下载PDF阅读器2008年3月-2009年3月,把35 000尾滇池金线鲃(Sinocyclocheilus grahami)仔稚鱼分别饲养于3个池塘进行对比饲养研究.密度分别是:P1为208尾/m3;P2为167尾/m3;P3为41尾/m3.饲养期间采用相同的管理措施.每天数据收集采用:在仔鱼孵化后的5～16d的每天8:00和18:00从每个育苗池中捞取5～8尾仔鱼进行测量分析.仔鱼开口30d后,每月从培育池各捞取15尾,测量全长和体重.研究发现,滇池金线鲃仔鱼的开口时间为孵化后的5 d,混合营养期3～5d,这与初孵的演池金线鲃仔鱼的全长和卵黄囊较大有关.在容易造成仔鱼大量死亡的混合营养期,通过采用浆状物-轮虫-人工混合饲料的方式,大幅度提高了滇池金线鲃仔稚鱼的存活率,孵化一年后的滇池会线鲃稚鱼存活率可达82.7%.经过一周年的饲养,滇池金线鲃稚鱼的体重由(0.027±0.01)g(0.003～1.22)增长到(8.83±0.54)g (3.7～16.7),月均增重为0.73 g;全长由(15.8±0.30)mm (11.5～20.0)增长到(91.6±1.67)mm (75.0～16.0),全长月均增长6.32 mm.滇池金线鲃稚鱼全年全长的增长呈线性相关,y=9.82+7.05month(R2=0.9891);全年体重的增长呈指数关系,y=0.0158month2.54(R2=0.9939).