Fichas: comprensión lectora/producción de textos. 2do año. Fichas 41-44: lectura

Fichas didácticas anexas a las guías de comprensión lectora para el trabajo docente.

Orde Wingate, 'Guerrilla' Warfare and Long-Range Penetration, 1940-44

Major General Orde Wingate was a highly controversial figure in his time and remains so among historians. However, his eccentric and colourful personality has drawn attention away from the nature of his military ideas, the most important of which was his concept of long-range penetration, which originated from his observations of his operations in Italian-occupied Ethiopia in 1941, and evolved into the model he put into practice in the Chindit operations in Burma in 1943-44. A review of Wingate's own official writings on this subject reveals that long-range penetration combined local guerrilla irregulars, purpose-trained regular troops and airpower into large-scale offensive operations deep in the enemy rear, with the intention of disrupting his planning process and creating situations regular forces could exploit. This evolved organically from Major General Colin Gubbins' doctrine for guerrilla resistance in enemy occupied areas, and bears some resemblance to the operational model applied by US and Allied forces, post September 2001.

Epidermal growth factor-stimulated extravillous cytotrophoblast motility is mediated by the activation of PI3-K, Akt and both p38 and p42/44 mitogen-activated protein kinases

BACKGROUND: Trophoblast invasion is a temporally and spatially regulated scheme of events that can dictate pregnancy outcome. Evidence suggests that the potent mitogen epidermal growth factor (EGF) regulates cytotrophoblast (CTB) differentiation and invasion during early pregnancy. METHODS AND RESULTS: In the present study, the first trimester extravillous CTB cell line SGHPL-4 was used to investigate the signalling pathways involved in the motile component of EGF-mediated CTB migration/invasion. EGF induced the phosphorylation of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3-K)-dependent proteins, Akt and GSK-3β as well as both p42/44 MAPK and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK). EGF-stimulated motility was significantly reduced following the inhibition of PI3-K (P < 0.001), Akt (P < 0.01) and both p42/44 MAPK (P < 0.001) and p38 MAPKs (P < 0.001) but not the inhibition of GSK-3β. Further analysis indicated that the p38 MAPK inhibitor SB 203580 inhibited EGF-stimulated phosphorylation of Akt on serine 473, which may be responsible for the effect SB 203580 has on CTB motility. Although Akt activation leads to GSK-3β phosphorylation and the subsequent expression of β-catenin, activation of this pathway by 1-azakenpaullone was insufficient to stimulate the motile phenotype. CONCLUSION: We demonstrate a role for PI3-K, p42/44 MAPK and p38 MAPK in the stimulation of CTB cell motility by EGF, however activation of β-catenin alone was insufficient to stimulate cell motility.

A Prospective Follow-up Study of 44 Mandibular Immediately Loaded Implants Using Resonance Frequency Analysis: Preliminary 1-Year Results

Purpose: This clinical study aimed to evaluate initial, 4-months, and 1-year stability of immediately loaded dental implants inserted according to a protocol of lower rehabilitation with prefabricated bars. Materials and Methods: The sample was composed of 11 edentulous patients. In each patient, 4 interforaminal implants were inserted. Immediately after implant installation, resonance frequency analysis (RFA) for each fixation was registered as well as after 4 months and 1 year with the prosthetic bar removed as it is a screwed system. Results: The clinical implant survival rate was 100%. The RFA showed an increase in stability after 4 months from 64.09 +/- 648 to 64.31 +/- 4.96 and I year, 67.11 +/- 4.37. The analysis of variance showed a statistically significant result (P = 0.015) among implant stability quotient values for the different periods evaluated. Tukey test results showed statistically significant differences between 1-year results and the initial periods but there was no statistically significant difference between initial and 4-month results (P > 0.05). Conclusion: These preliminary 1-year results indicate that immediate loading of mandibular dental implants using the studied prefabricated bars protocol is a reliable treatment as it is in accordance with the results described in the literature for other similar techniques. (Implant Dent 2009; 18:530-538)

A influência da conexão política política na reestruturação de ativos dos grupos econômicos no Brasil

Business groups são formas organizacionais diversificadas comuns em países emergentes (Khanna; Yafeh, 2007; Schneider, 2008). Várias pesquisas tentam explicar a formação dos business groups e várias são as abordagens teóricas: institucional / custos de transação (Leff, 1978; Khanna & Palepu, 2000), economia política (Schneider, 2008), sociológica (Granovetter, 1994), da agência (Yu, Lu, Bruton, 2007) e resource-based view (Guillén, 2000). As teorias apresentam mecanismos para a existência desse tipo de organização nas economias emergentes. No Brasil, o governo tem grande influência na formação e desenvolvimento dos grupos, assim como em outras economias emergentes. A teoria de diversificação (Hoskisson, et al., 2005) versa sobre a reestruturação dos grupos e tem como foco a diversificação dos grupos. Baseado na teoria de custos de transação, a teoria de reestruturação argumenta que com a melhoria das instituições, os grupos tendem a diminuir seu poder econômico. Já a abordagem da economia política deixa claro que os grupos influenciam e são influenciados pelo governo. Uma das formas de conexão política entre os grupos e o governo é a doação às campanhas políticas. Esse estudo tem por objetivo, por conta disso, analisar a influência da conexão política, via doações às campanhas, na reestruturação de ativos dos grupos econômicos no Brasil. A abordagem da economia política é central nesse estudo para efetuar essa análise. Os dados dos grupos foram obtidos do anuário Valor Grandes Grupos (jornal Valor Econômico) e a amostra final contou com 760 observações ao longo de 8 anos dos grupos econômicos no Brasil. A análise foi feita sob modelos de efeito fixo controlando para fatores econômicos/financeiros e institucionais. Os resultados trazem forte relacionamento positivo das conexões políticas com o crescimento dos grupos econômicos no Brasil. Questões levantadas a partir desse estudo sugerem que no Brasil os grupos crescem para aumentar sua força política.