Male-biased adult sex ratios and their significance for cooperative breeding in dhole, Cuon alpinus, packs

Two free-ranging packs of dholes (Asiatic wild dog, Cuon alpinus) were monitored for a period of 6 yr (Sep. 1990-Sep. 1996) in the Mudumalai sanctuary, southern India. Demographic data on age structure, litter-size, sex ratio and age and sex specific dispersal were collected. Behavioural data on social interactions and reproductive behaviour among pack members were obtained to determine the frequencies of dominant and subordinate behaviours shown by malt: and female pack members and a measure of each male's reproductive access to females. Behaviours displayed by pack members at dens were recorded to determine whether any age- or sex-specific role specialization existed during pup care. Tenures for dominant males and females within the pack were calculated to ascertain the rate of breeding vacancies occurring within packs. Approximate levels of genetic relatedness within packs were determined by studying pedigrees. In most years one study pack had a male-biased adult sex ratio. This was caused by almost twofold higher dispersal of adult females over adult males. A considerable variance existed in the percentage of sub-adults dispersing from the two packs. Differences existed in the frequencies of dominant and subordinate behaviours shown by males. For males, dominance ranks and ranks based on submissive behaviours were not correlated with frequencies of reproductive behaviours. Subordinate males also displayed reproductive behaviours. In packs, dominant males had lower tenures than dominant females indicating that among males breeding vacancies arose more quickly. The litter size was found to be negatively correlated with the age of the breeding female. There were no significant differences across individuals of varying age or sex classes in the display of pup care behaviours. Significant differences did exist among individual adults. Genetic relatedness among packs tended to vary temporally as a consequence of possible mating by subordinate animals and immigration of new males into the pack. In conclusion, it appears that males delay dispersal and cooperate within their natal packs because of the variety of reproductive strategies they could pursue within. A combination of ecological constraints and the difficulties of achieving breeding status within non-natal packs may make early dispersal and independent breeding less beneficial.

Novel phenomenon of autoacceleration in the free radical oxidative polymerization of vinyl monomers: a thermochemical approach

A unique phenomenon of ‘autoacceleration’ was observed in a free radical polymerization of vinyl monomers and oxygen. Unlike the well known autoacceleration phenomenon in polymerization processes, this unusual phenomenon is not readily conceivable in terms of solution viscosity based reasoning. Surprisingly, we have observed manifestation of this new autoacceleration during free radical oxidative polymerization of some vinyl monomers at low conversions, where generally the polymerization reaction is zero order, the conversion–time plot are linear and viscosity effects are negligible. In the present paper, we interpret the mechanism of this new autoacceleration phenomenon on the basis of reactivity of the propagating radicals in terms of heat of formation data.

Studies on n=2 Aurivillius phases: structure of the series Bi3-xLaxTiNbO9 (0 <= x <= 1)

The crystal structures of the solid solutions of Bi3-xLaxTiNbO9 (0 less than or equal to x less than or equal to 1) have been analyzed by powder X-ray diffraction with supporting evidence from selected area electron diffraction (SAD). The structure of the starting member (x = 0) is verified to be in the orthorhombic space group A2(1) am while the end member (x = 1) is determined to crystallize in the centrosymmetric orthorhombic space group Pmcb. The structure of x = 1 phase is solved by ab initio powder diffraction. The intermediate compositions belong to the space group A2(1) am as confirmed by Rietveld refinements. Rietveld refinements on all the compositions reveal that the La3+ ion is disordered only in the A site and not in the [Bi2O2](2+) layer. The tilt in the Ti/NbO6 octahedra decreases with increasing x. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Coexistence of fast photodarkening and slow photobleaching in Ge19As21Se60 thin films

We experimentally demonstrate the coexistence of two opposite photo-effects, viz. fast photodarkening (PD) and slow photobleaching (PB) in Ge19As21Se60 thin films, when illuminated with a laser of wavelength 671 nm. PD appears to begin instantaneously upon light illumination and saturates in tens of seconds. By comparison, PB is a slower process that starts only after PD has saturated. Both PD and PB follow stretched exponetial dependence on time. Modeling of overall change as a linear sum of two contributions suggests that the changes in As and Ge parts of glass network respond to light effectively indepndent of each other. (C) 2012 Optical Society of America

Longitudinal localization of tropical intraseasonal variability

Intraseasonal time-scales play an important role in tropical variability. Two modes that contribute significantly to tropical intraseasonal variability (ISV) are the eastward-propagating MaddenJulian Oscillation (MJO), and westward-moving moist equatorial Rossby waves. This note reports on a correspondence between the longitudinal gradient of mean tropical precipitable water (PW), and the geographical regions of genesis, and convective activity, of both these large-scale tropical systems. Our finding is based on an analysis of PW from the MERRA reanalysis product. The data indicate that the mean tropical PW has a dominant wavenumber two (three) structure in longitude in the Northern (Southern) Hemisphere. Departures from a longitudinally homogeneous state are attributed to the influence of subtropical anticyclones, and are accentuated by monsoonal regions of both hemispheres. This mean structure results in a sharply localized longitudinal gradient of PW. Remarkably, regions with positive gradients (such as the Northern and Southern Hemisphere western Indian Ocean), i.e. they have larger PW to the east, are the very zones that are implicated in the formation, and show high levels of convective activity, of the eastward-moving MJO. On the other hand, regions with negative gradients (such as the Southern Hemisphere central Pacific) are the very regions where genesis, and maxima in variance, of westward-moving moist equatorial Rossby waves are known to occur. Apart from providing a first-order longitudinal footprint of the convective phase of these systems, this correspondence reinforces the role of the mean climatic state in tropical ISV. Copyright (c) 2012 Royal Meteorological Society

Detonation-driven-shock wave interactions with perforated plates

The study of detonations and their interactions is vital for the understanding of the high-speed flow physics involved and the ultimate goal of controlling their detrimental effects. However, producing safe and repeatable detonations within the laboratory can be quite challenging, leading to the use of computational studies which ultimately require experimental data for their validation. The objective of this study is to examine the induced flow field from the interaction of a shock front and accompanying products of combustion, produced from the detonation taking place within a non-electrical tube lined with explosive material, with porous plates with varying porosities, 0.7-9.7%. State of the art high-speed schlieren photography alongside high-resolution pressure measurements is used to visualise the induced flow field and examine the attenuation effects which occur at different porosities. The detonation tube is placed at different distances from the plates' surface, 0-30 mm, and the pressure at the rear of the plate is recorded and compared. The results indicate that depending on the level of porosity and the Mach number of the precursor shock front secondary reflected and transmitted shock waves are formed through the coalescence of compression waves. With reduced porosity, the plates act almost as a solid surface, therefore the shock propagates faster along its surface.

Observation of photobleaching and intensity dependent kinetics in Ge22As22Se56 thin films under sub-bandgap light illumination

We experimentally demonstrate photobleaching (PB) in Ge22As22Se56 thin films, when illuminated with a diode pumped solid state laser (DPSSL) of wavelength 671 nm, which is far below the optical bandgap of the sample. Interestingly, we found that PB is a slow process and occurs even at moderate pump beam intensity of 0.2 W/cm(2), however the kinetics remain rather different.

Prototype Selection on Large and Streaming Data

Since streaming data keeps coming continuously as an ordered sequence, massive amounts of data is created. A big challenge in handling data streams is the limitation of time and space. Prototype selection on streaming data requires the prototypes to be updated in an incremental manner as new data comes in. We propose an incremental algorithm for prototype selection. This algorithm can also be used to handle very large datasets. Results have been presented on a number of large datasets and our method is compared to an existing algorithm for streaming data. Our algorithm saves time and the prototypes selected gives good classification accuracy.

LD泵浦Nd:YVO4晶体KTP腔内倍频红光激光器

报道了激光二极管泵浦Ｎｄ：ＹＶＯ４晶体，Ⅱ临界相位匹配ＫＴＰ晶体腔内倍频红光激光器，通过绎激光晶体热效应的考虑，设计了热不灵敏腔，最大获得了２７３Ｗ６７１ｎｍ红光输出。

Investigation of critical state in melt processed YBa2Cu3O7-δ thick films

The magnetic moment of square planar melt processed YBa2Cu3O7-δ thick films is observed to scale with the cube of the sample width at 4.2 K, suggesting that current flow on the length scale of the film determines its magnetization at this temperature. A well-defined discontinuity in slope in the scaling data at a sample width corresponding to the average grain size (≈2 mm) implies the coexistence of distinct intra- and inter-grain critical current densities of 1.1 × 105Acm-2 and 0.4 × 105Acm-2 at 1 T and 4.2 K. The presence of a critical state in the films at 4.2T is confirmed by removing the central section from a specimen. The observed change in magnetic moment is in excellent agreement with theory for fields greater than ≈2 T. A critical state is not observed at 77 K which suggests that the grains are only weakly coupled at the higher temperature. © 1994.

Molecular Dynamics Simulation Of Adhesion Forces In A Dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine Membrane

Adhesion forces of Dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine ( DPPC) membrane in the gel phase are investigated by molecular dynamics ( MD) simulation. In the simulations, individual DPPC molecules are pulled out of DPPC membranes with different rates and we get the maximum adhesion forces of DPPC membrane. We find that the maximum adhesion forces increase with pull rate, from about 400 to 700 pN when pull rates are from 0.001 to 0.03 nm/ps. We analyze the relationship between pull rate and adhesion forces of different origins using Brownian dynamics and notice that viscosity of solvent plays an important role in adhesion forces. Then we simulate the motion of a single DPPC molecule in solvent and it elucidates that the maximum drag force is almost linear with respect to the pull rate. We use Stokes' relation to describe the motion of a single DPPC molecule and deduce the effective length of a DPPC molecule. Conformational analyses indicate that the free energy variation of a DPPC molecule inside and outside of the DPPC membrane is an essential part of adhesion energy.

Evaluación de productos botanicos y químicos sobre el complejo mosca blanca (Bemisa tabaci Gennadius) Geminivirus en el cultivo del tomate (Solanum esculentum, Mill.), en Tisma- Masaya

La mosca blanca ( Bemisia tabaci, Genn) y los Geminivirus son los principales agentes de daño causantes de problemas fitosanitarios severos para los productores de tomate (Solanum tuberosum L = Lycopersicum esculentum, Mill), en el municipio de Tisma, Masaya. Esta plaga provoca importantes pérdidas económicas, disminuyendo así los rendimientos al afectar la calidad de los frutos lo cual incurre en mayores costos de producción. En base a esta problemática en el municipio de Tisma se realizó un estudio en el período comprendido entre los meses de Noviembre 2010 a Enero 2011, con el objetivo de evaluar insecticidas botánicos y químicos contra el complejo mosca blanca-Geminivirus. Los productos evaluados fueron: Engeo, Imidacloprid, Crisantemo, Madero Negro, Chile+Ajo+Jabón. Las variables evaluadas fueron: número de mosca blanca por planta, incidencia del daño de virosis por planta, severidad del daño de virosis por planta, otros organismos plagas asociados al cultivo del tomate como: áfidos (Aphis gossypii) por planta, ( Halticus sp ) por planta y minador de la hoja ( Liriomyza sp ) por planta. De los tratamientos evaluados, el menor promedio de moscas blancas por planta lo presentó el tratamiento Imidacloprid seguido de Crisantemo. El menor porcentaje de incidencia y severidad lo presentó el tratamiento Imidacloprid en comparación con los demás tratamientos evaluados. El tratamiento Madero Negro resultó ser mas efectivo para el control de Halticus sp y Liriomyza sp y Engeo el mejor contra Aphis gossypii. El análisis económico realizado determinó que los tratamientos que presentaron los mejores rendimientos fueron Crisantemo con 32,578 kg/ha, seguido por Engeo con 31,750 kg/ha y Chile+Ajo+Jabón que obtuvo 30,625 kg/ha. Crisantemo presentó el mayor beneficio neto con 7,546.90 US$/ha seguido por Engeo 7,254.58 US$/ha. En el análisis de la tasa de retorno marginal resultó que el tratamiento Engeo es el que obtuvo la mejor tasa de retorno marginal con 8,671.80 % es decir 86.71 US$ por cada dólar invertido.

Estimación del comportamiento productivo y reproductivo de un hato pardo suizo en explotación intensiva en Nicaragua

El presente estudio se realizó basándose en los registros de un hato pardo suizo. Ubicado a 12 grados 15 minutos de latitud, 86 grados 25 minutos de longitud y una elevación de 49 m.s.n.m, con temperatura y humedad relativa promedio en los últimos 12 años de 27 grados Celcius y 70.8% respectivamente y 1250m anuales de precipitación en los últimos 10 años. Las variables en estudio fueron; EPS; EPP; EPPI; PS; IPP: PL;NSC: ML con promedio de 671+/-99 días, 965+/-132 días, 105+/-44dias, 185+/-113 días, 419+/57 días 3445+/-697kg, 1.08+/-1.2ser, 9.6+/-1.6 meses respectivamente. En el ANDEVA para EPS resulto significativo el AM y MN; para la EPP resulto significativo el AN y no significativo el MN; para el IPPI resulto Significativo el AP, no significativo el MP y la variable EP; para el PS e IPP, resulto significativo AP, MP y las variables ML. EP. Las correlaciones lineales entre Ep y NSC; IPPI y ISC, IPPI Y PS, PS y IPPI e IPP, PS e IPP, ML e IPPI, PS IPP, PL y PS, IPP; Il, EP; resultaron significativas con un coeficiente de +0.2815, -067, +0.327, +0.458, +0879, +0.146, +0275, +0.71, +0.247, +0.208, +0.7102, +0.227, respectivamente, las regresiones de NSC con Ep; IPP con EP, PS con IPP con PS; PL con ML y EP; resultaron significativas con valores de coeficiente de +0.327 ser ./año, +5.9 días/año, +0.227 día/días, +0.967 días/días, +430.86 kg/mes de lactancia y +238.3 kg./año respectivamente.