Tratamiento silvicultural, monitoreo y repoblación con iguana (Iguana iguana) en bosque de galeria de la unidad productiva hacienda Las Mercedes sur del lago Xolotlán

El estudio fue realizado en la Unidad Productiva “Hacienda Las Mercedes” patrimonio de la Universidad Nacional Agraria (UNA). El objetivo fue contribuir a la conservación del Bosque de Galería mediante la aplicación del tratamiento silvicultural de enriquecimiento y repoblación con la especie Iguana iguana. La metodología se desarrolló iniciando con una visita de reconocimiento a La ribera de la Presa Los Sábalos (sitio de la plantación forestal) y a la ribera Presa Las Mercedes (sitio para la repoblación con iguanas). El experimento de de repoblación forestal inició con el establecimiento de seis parcelas con especies forestales ( Pithecellobium saman (jacq) Bent, Swietenia humilis Zucc, Guazuma ulmifolia Lam, Calycophyllum candidissimum (Vahl) DC, Albizzia caribeae (Urb).B&R y Dalbergia retusa Hemsl) en un área de 0.22 ha. Dentro de cada parcela se ubicó una parcela útil (16 individuos) para realizar el levantamiento de datos dasométricos (altura cm, diámetro basal mm y sobrevivencia) y análisis estadístico. Luego se identificaron las especies vegetales presentes en la plantación y se monitoreo (caracterización del sitio) de Iguana iguana (Iguana verde) y Ctenosaura similis (Garrobo negro también conocida como iguana rayada), para lo cual se establecieron seis transeptos (156 m, 200 m, 209 m, 212 m, 190 m y 198 m) en 4.9 ha con la aplicación del método de King. Posteriormente se estableció la repoblación con la especie Iguana iguana; para ello se introdujeron 18 hembras y 6 machos. Por último se realizo el procesamiento y análisis de la información obtenida. Los mayores incrementos promedios totales y mensuales en altura y diámetro basal se presentaron en C. candidissimum (Vahl) DC (21.93 cm y 3.655 cm y 0.34 mm y 0.057 mm). En la sobrevivencia los valores de excelente (100%) lo obtuvieron las especies C. candidissimum (Vahl) DC y D. retusa Hemsl y entre los buenos resultaron G. ulmifolia (76%) y S. humilis (67%). La sobrevivencia promedio de las especies forestales establecidas fue de (87 %). 10 especies vegetales fueron identificadas (Elitraria imbricata, Baltimora recta, Sida acuta, Lantara camara, Rowolfio tetrafila, Commelina difusa, Priva lappulaceae, Mimosa pudica, Datura stramonium y Solanum? americanum). En el primer monitoreo no se encontró Iguana iguana solo la Ctenosaura similis (52 individuos), observado en los transeptos 2, 4 y 6 (en sitios con árboles grandes y frondosos, distantes de la fuente de agua. Después de la repoblación, la especie Iguana iguana (51 individuos) se observó en los transectos 2, 5 y 6 (en sitios próximos a fuentes de agua, árboles pequeños. Y Ctenosaura similis (48 individuos) se observó en los transectos 2, 3, 4 y 6.

Evaluación del rendimiento de sorgo variedad CNIA-INTA bajo distintas fuentes de suministro del nitrógeno

Dada la importancia del cultivo de sorgo para pequeños y medianos productores nicaragüenses y su utilización para la producción de grano, la Universidad Nacional Agraria y el Programa INTSORMIL, desde el año 2000 evaluaron distintos materiales de sorgo. Después de tres años de resultados, se seleccionó la variedad CNIA-INTA por su buen rendimiento de grano para ser sometido a niveles bajos de fertilización (práctica del pequeño productor) y a un método alternativo que incluyen el uso de abono verde (Vigna radiata L.), como fuente de N. Con este propósito tres ensayos se establecieron en el ciclo de postrera del 2004. El primero en Tisma, Departamento de Masaya, el segundo en el Centro Experimental de Occidente (CEO) en el Municipio de Posoltega, departamento de Chinandega y el tercero en San Ramón, Matagalpa, en la Comunidad Guadalupe, ubicada a 1 O km. de la cabecera departamental. Se utilizó un diseño de bloques completos al azar (BCA), con cuatro repeticiones. Cada parcela constituida de siete surcos de cinco m de largo, separados a 0.60 m. Se utilizaron los cuatro surcos centrales como parcela útil para muestreos de las variables a evaluar. El análisis de varianza mostró diferencias altamente significativas entre localidades y tratamientos y para localidad x tratamiento para el rendimiento de grano (RG). Los tratamientos urea (toda) a la siembra (6 078 kg ha·1 ) y Mungo (5 655 kg ha·1 ) fueron estadísticamente iguales y ambos se diferenciaron del tratamiento urea fraccionada (4 488 kg ha·1 ). Entre localidades, Tisma obtuvo el mayor rendimiento con 7,259 kg .¡ superior al obtenido en el CEO, con 3 933 kg ha·1• No se encontraron diferencias entre tratamientos en el peso de mil granos y rendimiento de biomasa (RB), sin embargo, en San Ramón se obtuvo elmayor peso (26.74 g) y el menor en CEO (23.78 g). La forma de suministrar nitrógeno no tuvo efecto sobre la materia seca producida, sin embargo, el tratamiento con mungo, superó ligeramente a la biomasa producida con fertilización química. El mismo comportamiento se obtuvo para esta variable entre localidades. Se obtuvo interacción positiva entre localidad x tratamiento, siendo en Tisma donde se alcanzan los mayores rendimientos cuando se aplica el N 30 días después de la siembra (dds). El uso de mungo, presentó el segundo mejor rendimiento en las dos localidades antes mencionadas.

Competitividad Comercial del Cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) en el Mercado Centroamericano,2008-2013

El cultivo del cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) en Centroamérica se concentra en pequeños y medianos productores que buscan acceder a nichos de mercados de cacao fino, por el cual adquieren mejores precios. El presente trabajo es una investigación no experimental de tipo descriptiva, el cual tiene por objetivo el análisis de la competitividad comercial del cacao, en el periodo 2008-2013 en el mercado centroamericano, destacándose la participación de Nicaragua en la producción de este rubro, comparando la participación de cada país en el comercio centroamericano de cacao, mediante el cálculo de indicadores de competitividad (Balanza comercial relativa y Especialización internacional) en este mercado. La metodología empleada para la realización del estudio fue la recolección de datos estadísticos relacionados a las áreas agrícolas, rendimientos, áreas cosechadas, producción y comercio de cacao en granos extraídos de las bases de datos de CEPAL, FAO, CETREX y SIECA, las que se utilizaron como insumo para elaborar bases de datos que fueron analizadas e interpretadas. Los resultados del estudio indican que Nicaragua posee la mayor área agrícola y obtiene la mayor cantidad de áreas cosechadas de cacao (6124.80 ha) mientras que Guatemala presenta los más altos rendimientos (2,655.87 kg/ha) y la mayor producción (10,808.73 t) de cacao en la región al ser favorecida por sus condiciones medioambientales. Nicaragua es el país más competitivo en el comercio centroamericano de cacao en grano al presentar los más altos indicadores de Balanza comercial relativa (1) y especialización internacional (0.85). Se concluye que Nicaragua aun cuando es superada en volumen de producción por Guatemala, tiene la capacidad de cubrir su demanda interna y exportar un alto excedente de su producción promedio (53%), de las cuales el (38%) están dirigidas al mercado centroamericano, esto demuestra que el país tiene alto grado de competitividad y vocación exportadora.

理性力学

经典物理的发展,曾经对科学起了巨大的推动作用。然而,在科学发展的历史过程中,经典物理越来越显示出它的局限性,这没有其他办法,只有发展新的理论来补充和取代它,数学和力学结合的理性力学,就是从经典力学中发展出来的新学科,它解决了许多经典力学解决不了的问题。它应用数学的基本概念和严格的逻辑推理,再从物理原型出发,建立并发展新的力学模型和理论,而经典力学则只是理性力学的特殊情况。

[Discurso do Deputado Áureo Melo : Sessão da Câmara dos Deputados de 30 de outubro de 1964]

Alerta para o não cumprimento do decreto do Presidente Castello Branco que regulou o horário único para os servidores da NOVACAP. Comenta o projeto apresentado pelo Deputado Eurico de Oliveira dispondo sobre o retorno da capital da República para o Rio de Janeiro.

Annaes historicos do Estado do Maranhão, em que se dá noticia do seu descobrimento, e tudo o mais que nelle tem succedido desde o anno em que foy descuberto até o de 1718offerecidos ao Augustissimo Monarca D. João V, Nosso Senhorescritos por Bernardo Pereira de Berredo

Os reis, tanto portugueses como espanhóis, variaram muito na determinação de impedir o cativeiro dos índios, até que, em 1741, o Papa Benedito XIV expediu uma bula proibindo terminantemente que qualquer pessoa, secular ou eclesiástica, possuísse como escravos os índio, sob pena de excomunhão latae sentiae.

Gulf menhaden, Brevoortia patronus, Purse Seine Fishery, 1974-85, with a brief discussion of age and size composition of the landings

Routine biostatistical port sampling data and landings records collected from the gulf menhaden purse seine fishery between 1974 and 1985 are updated. During most of the period, a total of 11 menhaden reduction plants operated in Mississippi and Louisiana, and the number of vessels in the purse seine fleet varied from 71 to 82. Total annual landings ranged from 447,100 metric tons in 1977 to the record landings for the fishery of 982,800 metric tons in 1984. Age-I and -2 gulf menhaden annually comprised almost 96% of the landings. Estimated total numbers of menhaden landed varied from 4,510.5 million in 1975 to 11,154.9 million in 1985. Annual mean lengths and weights of sampled fish-at-age showed lillie variation. Nominal or observed fishing effort gradually increased through Ihe 1970s and 1980s, reaching 655,800 vessel-ton-weeks in 1983. (PDF file contains 14 pages.)

Daily scale wintertime sea surface temperature and IPC-Navidad variability in the southern Bay of Biscay from 1981 to 2010

The combination of remotely sensed gappy Sea surface temperature (SST) images with the missing data filling DINEOF (data interpolating empirical orthogonal functions) technique, followed by a principal component analysis of the reconstructed data, has been used to identify the time evolution and the daily scale variability of the wintertime surface signal of the Iberian Poleward Current (IPC), or Navidad, during the 1981-2010 period. An exhaustive comparison with the existing bibliography, and the vertical temperature and salinity profiles related to its extremes over the Bay of Biscay area, show that the obtained time series accurately reflect the IPC-Navidad variability. Once a time series for the evolution of the SST signal of the current over the last decades is well established, this time series is used to propose a physical mechanism in relation to the variability of the IPC-Navidad, involving both atmospheric and oceanic variables. According to the proposed mechanism, an atmospheric circulation anomaly observed in both the 500 hPa and the surface levels generates atmospheric surface level pressure, wind-stress and heat-flux anomalies. In turn, those surface level atmospheric anomalies induce mutually coherent SST and sea level anomalies over the North Atlantic area, and locally, in the Bay of Biscay area. These anomalies, both locally over the Bay of Biscay area and over the North Atlantic, are in agreement with several mechanisms that have separately been related to the variability of the IPC-Navidad, i.e. the south-westerly winds, the joint effect of baroclinicity and relief (JEBAR) effect, the topographic beta effect and a weakened North Atlantic gyre.

Desarrollo y aplicación de técnicas avanzadas de medida de compuestos orgánicos volátiles en la atmósfera

331 p.

钱老的精神永存——深切缅怀中国力学学会首任理事长钱学森

"中国航天之父"钱学森仙逝的噩耗传来,震惊了中国乃至国际学术界.中国广大力学工作者深感悲痛,纷纷寄托哀思,默默地为钱老祈祷:"钱老,一路走好!"为了纪念这位在中国力学史上曾建立过不朽功勋的伟人,中国力学学会、全国各力学机构和广大会员通过各种方式缅怀我们的首任理事长钱老对新中国力学事业的贡献.

Frame survey of Kainji Lake, northern Nigeria, 1996

Since 1993, annual frame surveys have been conducted by the Nigerian-German Kainji Lake Fisheries Promotion Project to determine the distribution and number of fishing localities, fishing canoes and fishing gears around Kainji Lake, Nigeria. The total number of fishing localities has increased from 221 in 1993 to 286 in 1996. The fishing localities included 245 permanent fishing villages, 29 permanent fishing camps, 8 temporary fishing camps (with fishermen from Kainji Lake) and 4 temporary fishing camps (with fishermen from outside Kainji Lake area). There was an increase in the total number of fishing entrepreneurs, fishing assistants and fishing canoes over the years. A total number of 5,499 fishing entrepreneurs, 12,449 fishing assistants and 9,278 fishing canoes were recorded during the 1996 frame survey. From 1995 there was a decrease in the number of shoreline fisherfolk and a decrease in the number of transport canoes, the number of engines remained the same. During the 1996 survey, a total number of 18,655 gill nets, 1,560 drift nets, 753 beach seines, 5,548 cast nets, 7,400 longlines and 36,979 traps were recorded. The concentration of the gears (number per km shoreline) was highest in substrata 06 and 08. The total number of gill nets increased from 17,680 in 1995 to 18,655 in 1996. For the remaining 5 gear types a decrease in number was observed. Despite increasing numbers of gears on the lake, of concern is the decline recorded in all the fishing methods of the number of gears owned by individual entrepreneurs. This was most notable in the gill net and longline fisheries. These two fisheries have the lowest daily catch values and coupled with the problem of gear theft on the lake, ownership in future, may be expected to fall further. The number of larger fishing units also declined as did the number of gears new entrants enter the fishery with. The decline is particularly worrying for the beach seine fishery where diversification into other fishing methods would be beneficial in light of the present ban on seines. The group of not active fishing entrepreneurs (those who do not themselves participate in fishing activities) had the highest ownership of gears whilst the new entrants into the fishery had the lowest. There was evidence that these new entrants into the fishery were using cast nets which is worrying given the trend of using smaller mesh size of this gearSince 1993, annual frame surveys have been conducted by the Nigerian-German Kainji Lake Fisheries Promotion Project to determine the distribution and number of fishing localities, fishing canoes and fishing gears around Kainji Lake, Nigeria. The total number of fishing localities has increased from 221 in 1993 to 286 in 1996. The fishing localities included 245 permanent fishing villages, 29 permanent fishing camps, 8 temporary fishing camps (with fishermen from Kainji Lake) and 4 temporary fishing camps (with fishermen from outside Kainji Lake area). There was an increase in the total number of fishing entrepreneurs, fishing assistants and fishing canoes over the years. A total number of 5,499 fishing entrepreneurs, 12,449 fishing assistants and 9,278 fishing canoes were recorded during the 1996 frame survey. From 1995 there was a decrease in the number of shoreline fisherfolk and a decrease in the number of transport canoes, the number of engines remained the same. During the 1996 survey, a total number of 18,655 gill nets, 1,560 drift nets, 753 beach seines, 5,548 cast nets, 7,400 longlines and 36,979 traps were recorded. The concentration of the gears (number per km shoreline) was highest in substrata 06 and 08. The total number of gill nets increased from 17,680 in 1995 to 18,655 in 1996. For the remaining 5 gear types a decrease in number was observed. Despite increasing numbers of gears on the lake, of concern is the decline recorded in all the fishing methods of the number of gears owned by individual entrepreneurs. This was most notable in the gill net and longline fisheries. These two fisheries have the lowest daily catch values and coupled with the problem of gear theft on the lake, ownership in future, may be expected to fall further. The number of larger fishing units also declined as did the number of gears new entrants enter the fishery with. The decline is particularly worrying for the beach seine fishery where diversification into other fishing methods would be beneficial in light of the present ban on seines. The group of not active fishing entrepreneurs (those who do not themselves participate in fishing activities) had the highest ownership of gears whilst the new entrants into the fishery had the lowest. There was evidence that these new entrants into the fishery were using cast nets which is worrying given the trend of using smaller mesh size of this gear. (PDF contains 44 pages)

I. Rigid body penetration into brittle materials. II. Phase change effect on shock wave propagation

Part I.

We have developed a technique for measuring the depth time history of rigid body penetration into brittle materials (hard rocks and concretes) under a deceleration of ~ 10⁵ g. The technique includes bar-coded projectile, sabot-projectile separation, detection and recording systems. Because the technique can give very dense data on penetration depth time history, penetration velocity can be deduced. Error analysis shows that the technique has a small intrinsic error of ~ 3-4 % in time during penetration, and 0.3 to 0.7 mm in penetration depth. A series of 4140 steel projectile penetration into G-mixture mortar targets have been conducted using the Caltech 40 mm gas/ powder gun in the velocity range of 100 to 500 m/s.

We report, for the first time, the whole depth-time history of rigid body penetration into brittle materials (the G-mixture mortar) under 10⁵ g deceleration. Based on the experimental results, including penetration depth time history, damage of recovered target and projectile materials and theoretical analysis, we find:

1. Target materials are damaged via compacting in the region in front of a projectile and via brittle radial and lateral crack propagation in the region surrounding the penetration path. The results suggest that expected cracks in front of penetrators may be stopped by a comminuted region that is induced by wave propagation. Aggregate erosion on the projectile lateral surface is < 20% of the final penetration depth. This result suggests that the effect of lateral friction on the penetration process can be ignored.

2. Final penetration depth, P_max, is linearly scaled with initial projectile energy per unit cross-section area, e_s , when targets are intact after impact. Based on the experimental data on the mortar targets, the relation is P_max(mm) 1.15e_s (J/mm² ) + 16.39.

3. Estimation of the energy needed to create an unit penetration volume suggests that the average pressure acting on the target material during penetration is ~ 10 to 20 times higher than the unconfined strength of target materials under quasi-static loading, and 3 to 4 times higher than the possible highest pressure due to friction and material strength and its rate dependence. In addition, the experimental data show that the interaction between cracks and the target free surface significantly affects the penetration process.

4. Based on the fact that the penetration duration, t_max, increases slowly with e_s and does not depend on projectile radius approximately, the dependence of t_max on projectile length is suggested to be described by t_max(μs) = 2.08e_s (J/mm² + 349.0 x m/(πR²), in which m is the projectile mass in grams and R is the projectile radius in mm. The prediction from this relation is in reasonable agreement with the experimental data for different projectile lengths.

5. Deduced penetration velocity time histories suggest that whole penetration history is divided into three stages: (1) An initial stage in which the projectile velocity change is small due to very small contact area between the projectile and target materials; (2) A steady penetration stage in which projectile velocity continues to decrease smoothly; (3) A penetration stop stage in which projectile deceleration jumps up when velocities are close to a critical value of ~ 35 m/s.

6. Deduced averaged deceleration, a, in the steady penetration stage for projectiles with same dimensions is found to be a(g) = 192.4v + 1.89 x 10⁴, where v is initial projectile velocity in m/s. The average pressure acting on target materials during penetration is estimated to be very comparable to shock wave pressure.

7. A similarity of penetration process is found to be described by a relation between normalized penetration depth, P/P_max, and normalized penetration time, t/t_max, as P/P_max = f(t/t_max, where f is a function of t/t_max. After f(t/t_max is determined using experimental data for projectiles with 150 mm length, the penetration depth time history for projectiles with 100 mm length predicted by this relation is in good agreement with experimental data. This similarity also predicts that average deceleration increases with decreasing projectile length, that is verified by the experimental data.

8. Based on the penetration process analysis and the present data, a first principle model for rigid body penetration is suggested. The model incorporates the models for contact area between projectile and target materials, friction coefficient, penetration stop criterion, and normal stress on the projectile surface. The most important assumptions used in the model are: (1) The penetration process can be treated as a series of impact events, therefore, pressure normal to projectile surface is estimated using the Hugoniot relation of target material; (2) The necessary condition for penetration is that the pressure acting on target materials is not lower than the Hugoniot elastic limit; (3) The friction force on projectile lateral surface can be ignored due to cavitation during penetration. All the parameters involved in the model are determined based on independent experimental data. The penetration depth time histories predicted from the model are in good agreement with the experimental data.

9. Based on planar impact and previous quasi-static experimental data, the strain rate dependence of the mortar compressive strength is described by σ_f/σ⁰_f = exp(0.0905(log(έ/έ_0) ^1.14, in the strain rate range of 10^-7/s to 10³/s (σ⁰_f and έ are reference compressive strength and strain rate, respectively). The non-dispersive Hugoniot elastic wave in the G-mixture has an amplitude of ~ 0.14 GPa and a velocity of ~ 4.3 km/s.

Part II.

Stress wave profiles in vitreous GeO₂ were measured using piezoresistance gauges in the pressure range of 5 to 18 GPa under planar plate and spherical projectile impact. Experimental data show that the response of vitreous GeO₂ to planar shock loading can be divided into three stages: (1) A ramp elastic precursor has peak amplitude of 4 GPa and peak particle velocity of 333 m/s. Wave velocity decreases from initial longitudinal elastic wave velocity of 3.5 km/s to 2.9 km/s at 4 GPa; (2) A ramp wave with amplitude of 2.11 GPa follows the precursor when peak loading pressure is 8.4 GPa. Wave velocity drops to the value below bulk wave velocity in this stage; (3) A shock wave achieving final shock state forms when peak pressure is > 6 GPa. The Hugoniot relation is D = 0.917 + 1.711u (km/s) using present data and the data of Jackson and Ahrens [1979] when shock wave pressure is between 6 and 40 GPa for ρ₀ = 3.655 gj cm³ . Based on the present data, the phase change from 4-fold to 6-fold coordination of Ge⁺⁴ with O^-2 in vitreous GeO₂ occurs in the pressure range of 4 to 15 ± 1 GPa under planar shock loading. Comparison of the shock loading data for fused SiO₂ to that on vitreous GeO₂ demonstrates that transformation to the rutile structure in both media are similar. The Hugoniots of vitreous GeO₂ and fused SiO₂ are found to coincide approximately if pressure in fused SiO₂ is scaled by the ratio of fused SiO₂to vitreous GeO₂ density. This result, as well as the same structure, provides the basis for considering vitreous Ge0₂ as an analogous material to fused SiO₂ under shock loading. Experimental results from the spherical projectile impact demonstrate: (1) The supported elastic shock in fused SiO₂ decays less rapidly than a linear elastic wave when elastic wave stress amplitude is higher than 4 GPa. The supported elastic shock in vitreous GeO₂ decays faster than a linear elastic wave; (2) In vitreous GeO₂ , unsupported shock waves decays with peak pressure in the phase transition range (4-15 GPa) with propagation distance, x, as α 1/x^-3.35 , close to the prediction of Chen et al. [1998]. Based on a simple analysis on spherical wave propagation, we find that the different decay rates of a spherical elastic wave in fused SiO₂ and vitreous GeO₂ is predictable on the base of the compressibility variation with stress under one-dimensional strain condition in the two materials.