Frecuencia de producción de las respuestas a 42 categorías verbales en niños de primaria.

Resumen tomado de la revista

Estadística de la enseñanza media : datos referidos al curso 1941-42.

Se ofrecen en tres tablas estadísticas los datos referidos a la matriculación de alumnos en Enseñanza Media durante el curso 1941-1942, ordenados por poblaciones de toda España, y a su vez en datos oficiales, colegiados, privados y totales generales, de lo que se destaca que era la región de Madrid, la que tenía más alumnos matriculados, y a la que le seguían Barcelona y Valencia.

MI(R,)G(R) and British Covert Operations, 1939-42

The Military Intelligence (Research) Department of the British War Office was tasked in 1940 with encouraging and supporting armed resistance in occupied Europe and the Axis-controlled Middle East. The major contention of this paper is that, in doing so, MI(R) performed a key role in British strategy in 1940-42 and in the development of what are now known as covert operations. MI(R) developed an organic, but coherent doctrine for such activity which was influential upon the Special Operations Executive (SOE) and its own sub-branch, G(R), which applied this doctrine in practice in East Africa and the Middle East in 1940-41. It was also here that a number of key figures in the development of covert operations and special forces first cut their teeth, the most notable being Major Generals Colin Gubbins and Orde Wingate.

Heme oxygenase-1 protects against Alzheimer’s amyloid-β1-42 induced toxicity via carbon monoxide production

Heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), an inducible enzyme up-regulated in Alzheimer‟s disease (AD), catabolises heme to biliverdin, Fe2+ and carbon monoxide (CO). CO can protect neurones from oxidative stress-induced apoptosis by inhibiting Kv2.1 channels, which mediate cellular K+ efflux as an early step in the apoptotic cascade. Since apoptosis contributes to the neuronal loss associated with amyloid β peptide (Aβ) toxicity in AD, we investigated the protective effects of HO-1 and CO against Aβ1-42 toxicity in SH-SY5Y cells, employing cells stably transfected with empty vector or expressing the cellular prion protein, PrPc, and rat primary hippocampal neurons. Aβ1-42 (containing protofibrils) caused a concentrationdependent decrease in cell viability, attributable at least in part to induction of apoptosis, with the PrPc expressing cells showing greater susceptibility to Aβ1-42 toxicity. Pharmacological induction or genetic over-expression of HO-1 significantly ameliorated the effects of Aβ1-42. The CO-donor CORM-2 protected cells against Aβ1-42 toxicity in a concentration-dependent manner. Electrophysiological studies revealed no differences in the outward current pre- and post-Aβ1-42 treatment suggesting that K+ channel activity is unaffected in these cells. Instead, Aβ toxicity was reduced by the L-type Ca2+ channel blocker nifedipine, and by the CaMKKII inhibitor, STO-609. Aβ also activated the downstream kinase, AMP-dependent protein kinase (AMPK). CO prevented this activation of AMPK. Our findings indicate that HO-1 protects against Aβ toxicity via production of CO. Protection does not arise from inhibition of apoptosis-associated K+ efflux, but rather by inhibition of AMPK activation, which has been recently implicated in the toxic effects of Aβ. These data provide a novel, beneficial effect of CO which adds to its growing potential as a therapeutic agent.

Análise da proposta de reforma tributária (EC nº 42) do governo Lula

As mudanças tributárias realizadas na última década priorizaram o ajuste fiscal com uma elevação da carga de impostos que saltou de 27% do PIB, em 1994, para cerca de 36% do PIB, em 2003. Esse aumento da carga tributária esteve associado principalmente ao aumento das contribuições sociais cumulativas. Além dessa crescente cumulatividade, outras características que têm marcado o sistema tributário brasileiro são a complexidade e os conflitos federativos que alimentam uma profunda guerra fiscal entre Estados e municípios. Em abril de 2003, o Governo Lula encaminhou ao Congresso Nacional uma ampla proposta de reforma tributária, tendo como objetivos principais (i) simplificar o sistema tributário brasileiro, (ii) reduzir a cumulatividade dos tributos e (iii) acabar com a guerra fiscal. Apesar do reconhecimento generalizado de que a carga tributária brasileira é excessivamente elevada, o governo federal limitou-se a assumir o compromisso de não promover aumentos adicionais de impostos. Inserido nesse contexto, este estudo analisa (i) o quadro fiscal brasileiro, procurando identificar as reais restrições que impedem a redução da carga tributária brasileira e (ii) as medidas tributárias propostas pelo Governo Lula, destacando suas implicações sobre o desenvolvimento econômico brasileiro.