Trends in adult body-mass index in 200 countries from 1975 to 2014: a pooled analysis of 1698 population-based measurement studies with 19·2 million participants

Background: Underweight and severe and morbid obesity are associated with highly elevated risks of adverse health outcomes. We estimated trends in mean body-mass index (BMI), which characterises its population distribution, and in the prevalences of a complete set of BMI categories for adults in all countries.

Methods: We analysed, with use of a consistent protocol, population-based studies that had measured height and weight in adults aged 18 years and older. We applied a Bayesian hierarchical model to these data to estimate trends from 1975 to 2014 in mean BMI and in the prevalences of BMI categories (<18·5 kg/m2 [underweight], 18·5 kg/m2 to <20 kg/m2, 20 kg/m2 to <25 kg/m2, 25 kg/m2 to <30 kg/m2, 30 kg/m2 to <35 kg/m2, 35 kg/m2 to <40 kg/m2, ≥40 kg/m2 [morbid obesity]), by sex in 200 countries and territories, organised in 21 regions. We calculated the posterior probability of meeting the target of halting by 2025 the rise in obesity at its 2010 levels, if post-2000 trends continue.
Findings: We used 1698 population-based data sources, with more than 19·2 million adult participants (9·9 million men and 9·3 million women) in 186 of 200 countries for which estimates were made. Global age-standardised mean BMI increased from 21·7 kg/m2 (95% credible interval 21·3–22·1) in 1975 to 24·2 kg/m2 (24·0–24·4) in 2014 in men, and from 22·1 kg/m2 (21·7–22·5) in 1975 to 24·4 kg/m2 (24·2–24·6) in 2014 in women. Regional mean BMIs in 2014 for men ranged from 21·4 kg/m2 in central Africa and south Asia to 29·2 kg/m2 (28·6–29·8) in Polynesia and Micronesia; for women the range was from 21·8 kg/m2 (21·4–22·3) in south Asia to 32·2 kg/m2 (31·5–32·8) in Polynesia and Micronesia. Over these four decades, age-standardised global prevalence of underweight decreased from 13·8% (10·5–17·4) to 8·8% (7·4–10·3) in men and from 14·6% (11·6–17·9) to 9·7% (8·3–11·1) in women. South Asia had the highest prevalence of underweight in 2014, 23·4% (17·8–29·2) in men and 24·0% (18·9–29·3) in women. Age-standardised prevalence of obesity increased from 3·2% (2·4–4·1) in 1975 to 10·8% (9·7–12·0) in 2014 in men, and from 6·4% (5·1–7·8) to 14·9% (13·6–16·1) in women. 2·3% (2·0–2·7) of the world's men and 5·0% (4·4–5·6) of women were severely obese (ie, have BMI ≥35 kg/m2). Globally, prevalence of morbid obesity was 0·64% (0·46–0·86) in men and 1·6% (1·3–1·9) in women.

Interpretation: If post-2000 trends continue, the probability of meeting the global obesity target is virtually zero. Rather, if these trends continue, by 2025, global obesity prevalence will reach 18% in men and surpass 21% in women; severe obesity will surpass 6% in men and 9% in women. Nonetheless, underweight remains prevalent in the world's poorest regions, especially in south Asia.

Variación estacional del fitoplancton en el Área del Callao durante El Niño 1987 (10-200 mn)

Se analizó la distribución espacio temporal de la abundancia fitoplanctónica, asociándola con la temperatura, salinidad, nutrientes y clorofila "a" en el perfil Callao 12 ºS, durante el año 1987. Se determinó la estructura de las asociaciones del fitoplancton mediante la composición específica, la riqueza específica (S), diversidad (H') y la dominancia ( D ) . La variación anual fitoplanctónica presentó un comportamiento similar al ciclo anual de producción del mar peruano, con dos picos de abundancia; el primero en primavera y el segundo en verano. Los eventos de surgencias que enriquecen de nutrientes las aguas del área del Callao son los responsables de que en esta zona se hayan registrado las concentraciones más altas de fitoplancton. Las diatomeas, los cocolitofóridos y los fitoflagelados fueron los componentes dominantes en los muestreos; siendo los dinoflagelados y los silicoflagelados ligeramente abundantes en el verano. La composición específica arrojó un total de 172 especies, comprendidos en 91 diatomeas, 52 dinoflagelados, 21 cocolitofóridos, 6 fitoflagelados y 2 silicoflagelados . Las especies Thalassiosira mínima, Skeletonema costatum, Nitzschia bicapitata, Nitzschia closterium, Navícula sp ., Guinardia delicatula, Gymnodinium splendens, Emiliania huxleyi y Eutreptiella gimnastica, fueron características de la temporada de la Primavera y Verano, mientras que Planktoniella sol, Rhizosolenia bergonii, Gymnodinium sp. y Nonada sp. lo fueron para la temporada del Otoño e Invierno. La variación de la diversidad específica y la dominancia estuvo relacionada por la influencia del fenómeno El Niño, así tenemos que durante la época de El Niño hasta el invierno de 1987 se observaron valores altos de diversidad y baja dominancia en la zona costera indicando una comunidad fitoplanctónica de etapa avanzada de la sucesión ecológica . El evento "El Niño" 1987, provocó una notable caída de la abundancia fitoplanctónica, desde Noviembre de 1986 hasta Marzo de 1987. Los indicios de recuperación del fitoplancton se observaron a partir de setiembre de 1987, habiéndose recuperado parcialmente en Primavera del mismo año. Durante el período 1987, Emiliania huxleyi, Caloiosolenia murrayi y el grupo de los Fitoflagelados fueron los taxas predominantes.

[Portrait du sprinter Jean-René] Seurin [vainqueur du 200 m des championnats de France d'athlétisme, le 18/7/20, stade Pershing] : [photographie de presse] / [Agence Rol]

Référence bibliographique : Rol, 60112

[Portrait du sprinter René] Lorain [2e du 200 m des championnats de France d'athlétisme, le 18/7/20, stade Pershing] : [photographie de presse] / [Agence Rol]

Référence bibliographique : Rol, 60114

[Portrait du sprinter du Stade Bordelais Fernand] Rullac [participant au 200 m des championnats de France d'athlétisme, le 17/7/20, stade Pershing] : [photographie de presse] / [Agence Rol]

Référence bibliographique : Rol, 60116

Resolución No. 200: Que el 4 Septiembre de 1990, el señor GONZALO GUTIERREZ SILVA se matriculó en la Cámara de Comercio de Bogotá

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What happens in the first 200 ms of word reading : ERP studies on visual word recognition with top-down and bottom-up approaches /

In this thesis, three main questions were addressed using event-related potentials (ERPs): (1) the timing of lexical semantic access, (2) the influence of "top-down" processes on visual word processing, and (3) the influence of "bottom-up" factors on visual word processing. The timing of lexical semantic access was investigated in two studies using different designs. In Study 1,14 participants completed two tasks: a standard lexical decision (LD) task which required a word/nonword decision to each target stimulus, and a semantically primed version (LS) of it using the same category of words (e.g., animal) within each block following which participants made a category judgment. In Study 2, another 12 participants performed a standard semantic priming task, where target stimulus words (e.g., nurse) could be either semantically related or unrelated to their primes (e.g., doctor, tree) but the order of presentation was randomized. We found evidence in both ERP studies that lexical semantic access might occur early within the first 200 ms (at about 170 ms for Study 1 and at about 160 ms for Study 2). Our results were consistent with more recent ERP and eye-tracking studies and are in contrast with the traditional research focus on the N400 component. "Top-down" processes, such as a person's expectation and strategic decisions, were possible in Study 1 because of the blocked design, but they were not for Study 2 with a randomized design. Comparing results from two studies, we found that visual word processing could be affected by a person's expectation and the effect occurred early at a sensory/perceptual stage: a semantic task effect in the PI component at about 100 ms in the ERP was found in Study 1 , but not in Study 2. Furthermore, we found that such "top-down" influence on visual word processing might be mediated through separate mechanisms depending on whether the stimulus was a word or a nonword. "Bottom-up" factors involve inherent characteristics of particular words, such as bigram frequency (the total frequency of two-letter combinations of a word), word frequency (the frequency of the written form of a word), and neighborhood density (the number of words that can be generated by changing one letter of an original word or nonword). A bigram frequency effect was found when comparing the results from Studies 1 and 2, but it was examined more closely in Study 3. Fourteen participants performed a similar standard lexical decision task but the words and nonwords were selected systematically to provide a greater range in the aforementioned factors. As a result, a total of 18 word conditions were created with 18 nonword conditions matched on neighborhood density and neighborhood frequency. Using multiple regression analyses, we foimd that the PI amplitude was significantly related to bigram frequency for both words and nonwords, consistent with results from Studies 1 and 2. In addition, word frequency and neighborhood frequency were also able to influence the PI amplitude separately for words and for nonwords and there appeared to be a spatial dissociation between the two effects: for words, the word frequency effect in PI was found at the left electrode site; for nonwords, the neighborhood frequency effect in PI was fovind at the right elecfrode site. The implications of otir findings are discussed.

Blueprint - 200 K.W. D.C. Vert. Type Gen. 125 V. 8 P. 600 R.P.M., B 89521, 10586, 2-R1-H21.6

A blueprint produced by Westinghouse Electric & MFG. Co. in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvanna. The blueprint is dated 19 August 1903 and is stamped "OBSOLETE".

Chronic versus acute ingestion of sodium citrate: a randomized placebo controlled cross-over trial for swimming 200 metres in well-trained swimmers age 13-17

A double-blinded, placebo controlled, cross-over design was used to investigate sodium citrate dihydrate (Na-CIT) supplementation improve 200m swimming performance. Ten well-trained, male swimmers (14.9 ± 0.4y; 63.5 ± 4kg) performed four 200m time trials: acute (ACU) supplementation (0.5g/kg), acute placebo (PLC-A), chronic (CHR) (0.1g/kg for 3 days and 0.3g/kg on the 4th day pre-trial), and chronic placebo (PLC-C). Na-CIT was administered 120min pre-trial in solution with 500mL of flavored water; placebo was flavored water. Blood lactate, base excess (BE), bicarbonate, pH, and PCO2 were analyzed at basal, 100min post-ingestion, and 3min post-trial via finger prick. Time, lactate, and rate of perceived exertion were not different between trials. BE and bicarbonate were significantly higher for the ACU and CHR trials compared to placebo. “Responders” improved by 1.03% (P=0.043) and attained significantly higher post-trial lactate concentrations in the ACU versus PLC-A trials and compared to non-responders in the ACU and CHR trials.

Avantages comparatifs et évolutions de l'emploi manufacturier entre 1980 et 200. Le cas de l'Italie, l'Allemagne, la Grande-Bretagne et la France.

Rapport de recherche