Cross-linguistic influences in the phonetic and lexical component in English, Baque and Spanish: Contextual and individual factors in language acquisition and attrition.

350 p.

Changes of overweight and obesity in the adult Swiss population according to educational level, from 1992 to 2007.

In many high income developed countries, obesity is inversely associated with educational level. In some countries, a widening gap of obesity between educational groups has been reported. The aim of this study was to assess trends in body mass index (BMI) and in prevalence of overweight and obesity and their association with educational level in the adult Swiss population. Four cross-sectional National health interview surveys conducted in 1992/93 (n = 14,521), 1997 (n = 12,474), 2002 (n = 18,908) and 2007 (n = 17,879) using representative samples of the Swiss population (age range 18-102 years). BMI was derived from self-reported data. Overweight was defined as BMI > or = 25 and <30 kg/m(2), and obesity as BMI > or = 30 kg/m(2). Mean (+/- standard deviation) BMI increased from 24.7 +/- 3.6 in 1992/3 to 25.4 +/- 3.6 kg/m2 in 2007 in men and 22.8 +/- 3.8 to 23.7 +/- 4.3 kg/m(2) in women. Between 1992/3 and 2007, the prevalence of overweight + obesity increased from 40.4% to 49.5% in men and from 22.3% to 31.3% in women, while the prevalence of obesity increased from 6.3% to 9.4% in men and from 4.9% to 8.5% in women. The rate of increase in the prevalence of obesity was greater between 1992/3 and 2002 (men: +0.26%/year; women: +0.31%/year) than between 2002 and 2007 (men: +0.10%/year; women: +0.10%/year). A sizable fraction (approximately 25%) of the increasing mean BMI was due to increasing age of the participants over time. The increase was larger in low than high education strata of the population. BMI was strongly associated with low educational level among women and this gradient remained fairly constant over time. A weaker similar gradient by educational level was apparent in men, but it tended to increase over time. In Switzerland, overweight and obesity increased between 1992 and 2007 and was associated with low education status in both men and women. A trend towards a stabilization of mean BMI levels was noted in most age categories since 2002. The increase in the prevalence of obesity was larger in low education strata of the population. These findings suggest that obesity preventive measures should be targeted according to educational level in Switzerland.

Trends in self-reported prevalence and management of hypertension, hypercholesterolemia and diabetes in Swiss adults between 1992 and 2007

PURPOSE: to assess the trends of prevalence of self-reported cardiovascular risk factors (CV RFs: hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, diabetes) and their management for the period of 1992 to 2007 in Switzerland. METHODS: four health interview surveys conducted between 1992 and 2007 in representative samples of the Swiss population (63,782 subjects overall). Self-reported CV RFs prevalence, treatment and control levels were computed after weighting. Weights were calculated by raking ratio such that the marginal distribution of the weighted totals conforms to the marginal distribution of the target population. Multivariate analysis was conducted using logistic regression. RESULTS: prevalence of all CV RFs increased between 1992 and 2007. Also, the prevalence of self-reported treatment among subjects with CV RFs increased, as confirmed by multivariate analysis: OR for hypolipidemic treatment relative to 1992: 0.64 [0.52-0.78]; 1.39 [1.18-1.65] and 2.00 [1.69-2.36] for 1997, 2002 and 2007, respectively. Still, in 2007, circa 40% of hypertensive, 60% of hypercholesterolemic and 50% of diabetic subjects weren't treated. On the other hand, there is an increase of the prevalence of controlled RFs as reported by treated subjects. This was confirmed by multivariate analysis 12.1 [12.0 - 12.2]; 4.16 [4.1 - 4.23] and 2.85 [2.79 - 2.90] for hypertension, hypercholesterolemia and diabetes, respectively, in 2007, relative to 1992. CONCLUSION: the prevalence of self-reported hypertension, hypercholesterolemia and diabetes increased between 1992 and 2007 in the Swiss population. Despite a good control of treated subjects, still a significant percentage of subjects with CV RFs are not treated.

Hydrochemical properties of groundwater samples in Semarang area, Java Island, Indonesia (1992, 1993, 2003, 2006, and 2007)

In Semarang City, groundwater has been exploited as a natural resource since 1841. The groundwater exploited in deep wells is concentrated in confined aquifers. The previous hydrogeological model was developed in one unit of aquifer and refined then by using several hydrostratigraphical units following a regional hydrogeological map without any further analysis. At present, there is a lack of precise hydrogeological model which integrates geological and hydrogeological data, in particular for multiple aquifers in Semarang. Thus, the aim of this paper is to develop a hydrogeological model for the multiple aquifers in Semarang using an integrated data approach. Groundwater samples in the confined aquifers have been analyzed to define the water type and its lateral distribution. Two hydrogeological cross sections were then created based on several borelog data to define a hydrostratigraphical unit (HSU). The HSU result indicates the hydrogeological model of Semarang consists of two aquifers, three aquitards, and one aquiclude. Aquifer 1 is unconfined, while Aquifer 2 is confined. Aquifer 2 is classified into three groups (2a, 2b, and 2c) based on analyses of major ion content and hydrostratigraphical cross sections.

Les comportements face au VIH/sida des hommes qui ont des relations sexuelles avec des hommes: résultats de Gaysurvey 2007

Gaysurvey est une enquête menée périodiquement en Suisse parmi les hommes qui ont des relations sexuelles avec des hommes (HSH). Elle s'inscrit dans le dispositif de surveillance du VIH, établi par l'Office fédéral de la santé publique, en tant qu'instrument de suivi des comportements face au VIH/sida dans ce groupe-cible. Elle a déjà été réalisée à huit reprises : en 1987, 1990, 1992, 1994, 1997, 2000, 2004, 2007. [...] Elle permet d'établir des tendances temporelles au niveau des pratiques sexuelles et des expositions au risque d'infection par le VIH. Elle permet, en outre, d'approfondir certaines thématiques pertinentes pour le travail de prévention (gestion du risque au sein d'une relation stable, entrée dans la sexualité, etc.). Ce document a pour objectif de faire la synthèse des tendances mises au jour lors de la dernière vague d'enquête, réalisée en 2007. [Introduction p. 4]

Perinatal Mortality 2007

This report is the fifth annual perinatal mortality surveillance report conducted under the auspices of the Confidential Enquiry into Maternal and Child Health (CEMACH). CEMACH was established in 2003 as the successor organisation to two previous national confidential enquiries, the Confidential Enquiry into Maternal Deaths (CEMD) and the Confidential Enquiry into Stillbirths and Deaths in Infancy (CESDI). The programme of national confidential enquiries was started by CEMD in 1952 and by CESDI from 1992. Since its inception in 2003, CEMACH has successfully extended its remit to encompass a new national enquiry into child health and research on a wide range of relevant topics that include morbidity as well as mortality.

Vuosina 1992-95 sioista eristettyjen E. coli -bakteerikantojen mikrobilääkeherkkyys ja kahden eri herkkyysmääritysmenetelmän vertailu käyttäen oksitetrasykliiniä

Virpi Ala-Risku, Marja Fossi ja Matti Nyberg

Mukautettu tilintarkastuskertomus suomalaisissa pörssiyrityksissä vuosina 1992-2002

Tutkimuksen päätavoitteena oli selvittää kuinka yleistä tilintarkastuskertomuksen mukauttaminen on suomalaisissa pörssiyrityksissä. Alatavoitteina oli selvittää mukauttamisen riippuvuutta toimialasta khin neliö testin avulla, mukautusten vertaileminen ajallisesti, mukautettujen tilintarkastuskertomusten analysoiminen sekä tutustua tilintarkastajan erilaisiin raportointitapoihin. Tutkimuksessa on sekä kvalitatiivisia että kvantitatiivisia piirteitä. Tutkimusajanjakso käsitti 11 tilinkautta vuosien 1992-2002 välillä. Tutkimusaineisto koostuu 154:n suomalaisen pörssilistatun yhtiön 892:sta tilinpäätöksestä tilintarkastuskertomuksineen. Tutkimuksessa havaittiin että tilintarkastuskertomuksen mukauttaminen suomalaisissa pörssiyhtiöissä on varsin harvinaista, ainoastaan 3,1tutkituista tilintarkastuskertomuksista oli mukautettuja. Toimialoittaisessa vertailussa ei voitu luotettavasti havaita mukauttamisen olevan toimialasta riippuvaista. Ajallisestimukautetut tilintarkastuskertomukset olivat jakautuneet varsin tasaisesti koko tarkasteluajanjaksolle, eikä suuria eroja vuosien välillä ollut havaittavissa.