Agriculture, settlement and society in Early Medieval Ireland

During the early medieval period, Ireland was politically organised into a large number of very small kingdoms. Unlike much of Western Europe, it had not been incorporated into the Roman Empire, and as a consequence, settlement remained exclusively rural in character until the Viking period. Extensive documentary, archaeological, zooarchaeological and macro-plant evidence provides a detailed reconstruction of the livestock and arable economy of the period. Cattle ownership formed the basis of wealth as well as being an indicator of status in society, and this is reflected in its clear dominance of the livestock economy during this period. From the eighth century onwards, however, cereal production appears to grow in importance as subsistence farming gave way to the production of agricultural surplus. This is reflected in cereal diversification and in the construction of watermills and more efficient grain-drying kilns. At the same time, settlement underwent significant changes and the relative importance of cattle in some areas began to decline.

L'Écho de Paris

1887/10/02 (Numéro 1293).

Mélanges historiques.

Contient : Diplôme de Robert le Pieux pour le prieuré d'Argenteuil (Bréquigny, I, p. 509) ; Échange entre l'abbaye de Saint-Germain-des-Prés et l'église de Paris ; Autorisation accordée par saint Louis à tous les laïques de disposer, en faveur des églises, des dîmes qu'ils possèdent ; Liste des abbés de Saint-Pierre-le-Vif de Sens ; Abbés de Montiéramey ; Épitaphes de l'Église Notre-Dame de Troyes ; Extraits du nécrologe de Vauluisant ; Extrait de l'obituaire de la Chapelle-aux-Planches ; Extraits de l'obituaire de Beaulieu, au diocèse de Troyes ; Lettre d'attestation des reliques de Saint-Gengoul de Toul par Louis de Bar, cardinal diacre du titre de Sainte-Agathe ; Abbés d'Auberive ; Extraits des chartes d'Auberive ; Chartes de la léproserie de Troyes ; Notes généalogiques diverses ; Extrait des titres de l'abbaye de la Celle-lez-Troyes et de Saint-Pierre d'Oye ; Extraits de divers titres concernant la Champagne et la Bourgogne ; Extraits du compte de Jean Brochet, receveur des finances de Langue d'oïl ; Épitaphe satirique de l'abbé Bonnet ; Listes de seigneurs de Chaumont, de Troyes et de Paris ; Noms de quelques commandeurs de la commanderie de Troyes ; Table d'un registre d'ordonnances conservé au greffe du Parlement ; Épitaphes de l'église des Jacobins de Troyes, envoyées à Duchesne par Camuzat ; Table de mots « tirés du vieux gaulois » ; Expressions diverses extraites de [la continuation de] Guillaume de Tyr, publiée à Bâle en 1560 ; Chartes concernant les seigneurs de Chappes ; Approbation par Louis de Plancy de l'amortissement d'une terre, fait par Jeanne de Sully, sa mère ; Chartes concernant les seigneurs de Joinville ; Extraits de titres originaux conservés au château de Poissy ; Notes sur divers seigneurs de Champagne ; Pièces relatives à la maison de Chalon ; Pièces relatives aux comtes de Brienne ; Accord entre Charles VI et Guillaume de Luxembourg ; Cession du comté de Brienne faite par Antoine de Luxembourg à Jean de Luxembourg ; Extrait d'un dénombrement des fiefs de la prévôté de Chaumont en Bassigny ; Lettre de Fernand de Gonzague à M. du Vivier, envoyé du duc d'Orléans, au sujet de la rançon du comte de Brienne ; Chartes des seigneurs d'Enghien ; Lettre de Camuzat ; Chartes des comtes de Joigny ; Extraits de titres concernant la famille de Dinteville ; Correspondance de M. d'Eschenets avec [François] de Bassompierre, [François] de Montmorency, etc., en 1552 (quelques originaux) ; Mémoire envoyé à Henri III par M. de Dinteville, lieutenant du roi en Champagne ; Instructions données à M. d'Eschenets, envoyé à Marseille ; Cartels échangés entre Jean du Plessis et Gaucher de Dinteville, sire de Vanlay ; Lettre de Sixte-Quint à François, duc de Luxembourg ; Mémoires sur la vie de François I et François II de Dinteville, évêques d'Auxerre ; Testament de Gaucher de Dinteville ; Mémoire sur la succession de la terre de Polisy, après la mort de Jean de Dinteville ; Nomination de [Joachim] de Dinteville à la charge de lieutenant-général du gouvernement de la Champagne ; Extraits du cartulaire de Montier-la-Celle ; Copies de pièces concernant Troyes et la Champagne, rangées par ordre chronologique ; Requête adressée au roi par Françoise de Montchenu ; Serments prêtés au roi par divers évêques ; Permission donnée par Henri IV aux Jésuites de fonder un collège à Troyes ; Concession du collège de Troyes aux religieux de l'Oratoire ; Épitaphe de Charles de Choiseul, maréchal de France († 1 février 1626) ; Relation de l'enterrement du coeur d'Anne de Bretagne ; Notice sur les impositions levées par les rois de France dans leur royaume ; Note sur le calcul de la longueur de l'année

Aprende a negociar : Artículos, enlaces de interés y entidades de apoyo

Bogotá Emprende

Investigation of single tryptophan proteins encapsulated in TEOS-derived sol-gel matrices by fluorescence spectroscopy /

In the work reported here, optically clear, ultrathin TEOS derived sol-gel slides which were suitable for studies of tryptophan (Trp) fluorescence from entrapped proteins were prepared by the sol-gel technique and characterized. The monitoring of intrinsic protein fluorescence provided information about the structure and environment of the entrapped protein, and about the kinetics of the interaction between the entrapped protein and extemal reagents. Initial studies concentrated on the single Trp protein monellin which was entrapped into the sol-gel matrices. Two types of sol-gel slides, termed "wet aged", in which the gels were aged in buffer and "dry-aged", in which the gels were aged in air , were studied in order to compare the effect of the sol-gel matrix on the structure of the protein at different aging stages. Fluorescence results suggested that the mobility of solvent inside the slides was substantially reduced. The interaction of the entrapped protein with both neutral and charged species was examined and indicated response times on the order of minutes. In the case of the neutral species the kinetics were diffusion limited in solution, but were best described by a sum of first order rate constants when the reactions occurred in the glass matrix. For charged species, interactions between the analytes and the negatively charged glass matrix caused the reaction kinetics to become complex, with the overall reaction rate depending on both the type of aging and the charge on the analyte. The stability and conformational flexibility of the entrapped monellin were also studied. These studies indicated that the encapsulation of monellin into dry-aged monoliths caused the thermal unfolding transition to broaden and shift upward by 14°C, and causedthe long-term stability to improve by 12-fold (compared to solution). Chemical stability studies also showed a broader transition for the unfolding of the protein in dry-aged monoliths, and suggested that the protein was present in a distribution of environments. Results indicated that the entrapped proteins had a smaller range of conformational motions compared to proteins in solution, and that entrapped proteins were not able to unfold completely. The restriction of conformational motion, along with the increased structural order of the internal environment of the gels, likely resulted in the improvements in themial and long-term stability that were observed. A second protein which was also studied in this work is the metal binding protein rat oncomodulin. Initially, the unfolding behavior of this protein in aqueous solution was examined. Several single tryptophan mutants of the metal-binding protein rat oncomodulin (OM) were examined; F102W, Y57W, Y65W and the engineered protein CDOM33 which had all 12 residues of the CD loop replaced with a higher affinity binding loop. Both the thermal and the chemical stability were improved upon binding of metal ions with the order apo < Ca^^ < Tb^"^. During thermal denaturation, the transition midpoints (Tun) of Y65W appeared to be the lowest, followed by Y57W and F102W. The placement of the Trp residue in the F-helix in F102W apparently made the protein slightly more thermostable, although the fluorescence response was readily affected by chemical denaturants, which probably acted through the disruption of hydrogen bonds at the Cterminal end of the F-helix. Under both thermal and chemical denaturation, the engineered protein showed the highest stability. This indicated that increasing the number of metal ligating oxygens in the binding site, either by using a metal ion with a higher coordinatenumber (i.e. Tb^*) which binds more carboxylate ligands, or by providing more ligating groups, as in the CDOM33 replacement, produces notable improvements in protein stability. Y57W and CE)OM33 OM were chosen for further studies when encapsulated into sol-gel derived matrices. The kinetics of interaction of terbium with the entrapped proteins, the ability of the entrapped protein to binding terbium, as well as thermal stability of these two entrapped protein were compared with different levels of Ca^"*^ present in the matrix and in solution. Results suggested that for both of the proteins, the response time and the ability to bind terbium could be adjusted by adding excess calcium to the matrix before gelation. However, the less stable protein Y57W only retained at most 45% of its binding ability in solution while the more stable protein CDOM33 was able to retain 100% binding ability. Themially induced denaturation also suggested that CDOM33 showed similar stability to the protein in solution while Y57W was destabilized. All these results suggested that "hard" proteins (i.e. very stable) can easily survive the sol-gel encapsulation process, but "soft" proteins with lower thermodynamic stability may not be able to withstand the sol-gel process. However, it is possible to control many parameters in order to successfully entrap biological molecules into the sol-gel matrices with maxunum retention of activity.

Associations entre des polymorphismes génétiques des gènes CHRN et l'étourdissement ressenti lors de l'initiation à la nicotine

Objectifs: Plusieurs polymorphismes nucléaires localisés sur les gènes des récepteurs nicotiniques cholinergiques CHRN sont associés au tabagisme. Cependant, peu d’études ont examiné l’association entre les polymorphismes sur les gènes CHRN et l’étourdissement. Les polymorphismes et les symptômes subjectifs sont peu être lié à la dépendance à la nicotine et à l’étourdissement ressenti lors de l’initiation. Le but de cette étude est d’étudier l’association entre 61 polymorphismes sur huit gènes CHRN (CHRNA3 CHRNA4 CHRNA5, CHRNA6, CHRNA7, CHRNB2, CHRNB3, CHRNB4) et l’étourdissement ressenti lors de l’initiation. Méthodes: Les données provenant d'une étude de cohorte longitudinale composée de 1293 étudiants, ont été analysées selon un devis d'étude gène-candidat. Les données ont été collectées par le biais de questionnaires auto-reportés aux troix mois, durant 5 ans. L’ADN provenent de la salive ou du sang a été génotypé pour 61 polymosphismes localisés sur les gènes CHRN ont été génotypés, à l'aide d'une stratégie de couverture maximale du gène. L'équation d'analyse est une régression logistique, incluant un ajustement sur l’âge, le sexe et l’origine ethnique. Résultats: Trois SNPs sur le gène CHRNA6 (rs7812298, rs2304297, rs7828365) sont associés à notre phénotype (OR (95% CI)= 0.54 (0.36, 0.81), 0.59 (0.40, 0.86) and 0.58 (0.36, 0.95, respectivement),. Trois autres polymorphismes (rs3743077 (CHRNA3), rs755204 (CHRNA4), rs7178176 (CHRNA7)) sont également associés à phénotype (OR (95% CI)=1.40 (1.02, 1.90), 1.85 (1.05, 3.27) and 1.51 (1.06, 2.15), respectivement) Conclusion: Plusieurs SNPs localisés sur les gènes CHRN sont associés à l'étourdissement, un phénotype de l'initiation qui est peut-être associé à la dépendance à la nicotine.

Chemical Modification of Blends of Poly (Vinyl Chloride) With Linear Low Density Polyethylene

The effects of modifying blends of poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) with linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE) by means of acrylic acid, maleic anhydride, phenolic resins and p-phenylene diamine were investigated. Modification by acrylic acid and maleic anhydride in the presence of dicumyl peroxide was found to be the most useful procedure for improving the mechanical behaviour and adhesion properties of the blend. The improvement was found to be due mainly to the grafting of the carboxylic acid to the polymer chains; grafting was found to be more effective in LLDPE/PVC blends than in pure LLDPE.

Diálogo fe y cultura : una respuesta para educar ante los retos de la globalización.

La publicación contiene índice de figuras, de cuadros, de gráficos, de fotografías y de actividades de trabajo.

Reserva Biol??gica de Muniellos y sus alrededores. Gu??a del alumno : Ciclo Superior de EGB

Los dibujos son de Berroso, Guillermo; Cueto, Emilio; Fern??ndez, Pilar; Ferrer, Margarita