A testimony concerning William Byrd : and one concerning Ann Brewster.

Bound with Smith, Edward. A letter addressed to the members of the Society of Friends. London, 1833.

Guitar player in Brewster, New York

General note: Title and date provided by Bettye Lane.

Setting the research agenda in IHRM

Firstly, on behalf of the secretariat that has coordinated these meetings every two years since 1985, our thanks to the organising committee here at the University of Economics in Cracow, Poland, for hosting this conference. I was asked to offer comment on the research agenda. There are many famous names to refer to. Two Australian colleagues here today are Peter Dowling and Helen De Cieri, longtime stalwarts of the field of IHRM. I acknowledge their contributions over many years, along with Randy Schuler and Denise Welch, and Dennis Briscoe. Other names such as Rosalie Tung, Pawan Bhudwhar, Michael Morley, Paul Sparrow and Wayne Cascio are known to us all. Their books have become classics. One example is the 700 page benchmark 2012 work by Chris Brewster and Wolfgang Mayrhofer, Handbook of Research on Comparative Human Resource Management (Brewster & Mayrhofer, 2012). More recently, in a book published by Cambridge University press in 2014, Mustafa Özbilgin, Dimitria Groutsis and William Harvey offer students a very accessible overview of the basics in IHRM (Ozbilgin, Groutsis, & Harvey, 2014). As for a research agenda, there are excellent literature reviews to which I would refer you, such as those by people who over the years have been frequent participants at this conference (Tarique & Schuler, 2010), (Farndale, Scullion, & Sparrow, 2010), and (Scullion & Collings, 2011).

An upstream open reading frame is essential for feedback regulation of ascorbate biosynthesis in arabidopsis

Ascorbate (vitamin C) is an essential antioxidant and enzyme cofactor in both plants and animals. Ascorbate concentration is tightly regulated in plants, partly to respond to stress. Here, we demonstrate that ascorbate concentrations are determined via the posttranscriptional repression of GDP-l-galactose phosphorylase (GGP), a major control enzyme in the ascorbate biosynthesis pathway. This regulation requires a cis-acting upstream open reading frame (uORF) that represses the translation of the downstream GGP open reading frame under high ascorbate concentration. Disruption of this uORF stops the ascorbate feedback regulation of translation and results in increased ascorbate concentrations in leaves. The uORF is predicted to initiate at a noncanonical codon (ACG rather than AUG) and encode a 60- to 65-residue peptide. Analysis of ribosome protection data from Arabidopsis thaliana showed colocation of high levels of ribosomes with both the uORF and the main coding sequence of GGP. Together, our data indicate that the noncanonical uORF is translated and encodes a peptide that functions in the ascorbate inhibition of translation. This posttranslational regulation of ascorbate is likely an ancient mechanism of control as the uORF is conserved in GGP genes from mosses to angiosperms.

Mapping the regulatory sequences controlling 93 breast cancer-associated miRNA genes leads to the identification of two functional promoters of the Hsa-mir-200b cluster, methylation of which is associated with metastasis or hormone receptor status in advanced breast cancer

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs of 20 nt in length that are capable of modulating gene expression post-transcriptionally. Although miRNAs have been implicated in cancer, including breast cancer, the regulation of miRNA transcription and the role of defects in this process in cancer is not well understood. In this study we have mapped the promoters of 93 breast cancer-associated miRNAs, and then looked for associations between DNA methylation of 15 of these promoters and miRNA expression in breast cancer cells. The miRNA promoters with clearest association between DNA methylation and expression included a previously described and a novel promoter of the Hsa-mir-200b cluster. The novel promoter of the Hsa-mir-200b cluster, denoted P2, is located 2 kb upstream of the 5′ stemloop and maps within a CpG island. P2 has comparable promoter activity to the previously reported promoter (P1), and is able to drive the expression of miR-200b in its endogenous genomic context. DNA methylation of both P1 and P2 was inversely associated with miR-200b expression in eight out of nine breast cancer cell lines, and in vitro methylation of both promoters repressed their activity in reporter assays. In clinical samples, P1 and P2 were differentially methylated with methylation inversely associated with miR-200b expression. P1 was hypermethylated in metastatic lymph nodes compared with matched primary breast tumours whereas P2 hypermethylation was associated with loss of either oestrogen receptor or progesterone receptor. Hypomethylation of P2 was associated with gain of HER2 and androgen receptor expression. These data suggest an association between miR-200b regulation and breast cancer subtype and a potential use of DNA methylation of miRNA promoters as a component of a suite of breast cancer biomarkers.

North American Jewish Students Appeal records, undated, 1962, 1964-1996 (bulk 1971-1995)

The records of the North American Jewish Students Appeal (NAJSA or APPEAL) contains documents on two levels of concern: those documents dealing with the NAJSA as a student-run organization promoting Jewish identity among college-aged youth; and those documents dealing with the APPEAL as a fundraising organization for several well-known student constituent organizations. The Constituents were: the Jewish Student Press Service, Lights in Action, the North American Jewish Students Network, the Progressive Zionist Caucus, Response: A Contemporary Jewish Review, Yavneh Religious Students Organization, and Yugntruf Youth for Yiddish. Documents include correspondence, financial records, minutes, press releases, information on grants awarded to student organizations for programming and publishing, student journals, and newspapers, photographs, and ephemera.

Lithium D-Isoascorbate Monohydrate, a New Nonlinear Optical Material

Single crystals of lithium D-isoascorbate monohydrate (LDAM), (C6H7O6Li center dot H2O), are grown by a solution growth method. The crystal structure of LDAM is solved using single crystal X-ray diffraction. The space group is orthorhombic P2(1)2(1)2(1) with four formula units per unit cell and lattice parameters a = 7.7836(3) angstrom, b = 8.7456(3) angstrom, and c = 11.0368(4) angstrom. Solubility of the material in water is determined thermogravimetrically and found to have a positive temperature coefficient of solubility. Large optical quality single crystals are subsequently grown from aqueous solution by a slow cooling method. The crystal has a bulky prismatic habit and among the prominent faces the c face appears as the only principal morphological face. The crystal exhibits a (010) cleavage. Dielectric spectroscopy reveals a nearly Debye type Cole-Cole behavior with anisotropy in relaxation. Optical transmission range is found to be from 300 to 1400 nm. The principal refractive indices of this biaxial crystal, measured using Brewster's angle method, at wavelengths 405, 543, and 632.8 nm, show high dispersion. The crystal is negative biaxial with 2V(z) = 107.8 degrees (405 nm) and belongs to the Hobden class 3. Theoretically generated type 1 and type 2 second order phase matching curves match very well with the experimental results. The second-order nonlinear coefficient d(14) was determined to be 7 x 10(-13) m/V. For the optimum phase matching direction (type 2), the second-order effective nonlinear coefficient and the walk off angle are determined to be 0.84 times d(14) and 3.5 degrees respectively. The crystal possesses high multiple surface damage thresholds of 18 GW/cm(2) and 8 GW/cm(2) at laser wavelengths 1064 and 532 nm, respectively.

Crystal growth and nonlinear optical properties of sodium D-isoascorbate monohydrate

Optical quality single crystals of sodium D-isoascorbate monohydrate were grown by a slow cooling technique. The crystal possesses a bulky prismatic morphology. Thermal analyses indicate that the crystals are stable up to 125 degrees C. The optical transmission window ranges from 307 nm to 1450 nm. The principal refractive indices have been measured employing Brewster's angle method. The crystallographic and the principal dielectric axes coincide with each other such that a lies along Z, b along X and c along Y. The optic axis is oriented 58 degrees (at 532 nm) to the crystallographic a axis in the XZ plane and the crystal is negative biaxial. Type 1 and type 2 phase matching curves are generated and experimentally verified. No polarization dependence of the light absorption was observed confirming the validity of Kleinman's symmetry conjecture, leading to a single nonvanishing nonlinear tensor component. According to Hobden's classification the crystal belongs to class 3. The crystal also exhibits second order noncollinear conic sections. The single shot and multiple shot surface laser damage thresholds are determined to be 32.7 GW cm(-2) and 6.5 GW cm(-2) respectively for 1064 nm radiation.

Evolution of Nanocrystalline Ba2NaNb5O15 in 2BaO-0.5Na(2)O-2.5Nb(2)O(5)-4.5B(2)O(3) Glass System and Its Refractive Index and Band Gap Tunability

Monophasic Ba2NaNb5O15 was crystallized at nanometer scale (12-36 nm) in 2BaO-0.5Na(2)O-2.5Nb(2)O(5)- 4.5B(2)O(3) glass system. To begin with, optically transparent glasses, in this system, were fabricated via the conventional melt. quenching technique. The amorphous and glassy characteristics of the as-quenched samples were respectively confirmed by X-ray powder diffraction and differential thermal analyses. Nearly homogeneous distribution of Ba2NaNb5O15 (BNN) nanocrystals associated with tungsten bronze structure akin to their bulk parent structure was accomplished by subjecting the as-fabricated glasses to appropriate heat-treatment temperatures. Indeed transmission electron microscopy (TEM) carried out on these samples corroborated the presence of Ba2NaNb5O15 nanocrystals dispersed in a continuous glass matrix. The as-quenched glasses were similar to 75% transparent in the visible range of the electromagnetic spectrum. The optical band gap and refractive index were found to have crystallite size (at nanoscale) dependence. The optical band gap increased with the decrease in crystallite size. The refractive indices of the glass nanocrystal composites as determined by Brewster angle method were rationalized using different empirical models. The refractive index dispersion with wavelength of light was analyzed on the basis of the Sellmeier relations. At room temperature under UV excitation (355 nm) these glass nanocrystal composites displayed violet-blue emission which was ascribed to the defects states.

How does spacer length of imidazolium gemini surfactants control the fabrication of 2D-Langmuir films of silver-nanoparticles at the air-water interface?

A series of gemini surfactants based on cationic imidazolium ring as polar headgroup, abbreviated as lm-n-lm], 2Br(-) (n = 2, 5, 6 and 12), was synthesized. Their ability to stabilize silver nanoparticles in aqueous media was investigated. The resulting suspensions were characterized by UV-Vis spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). They exhibit specific morphologies by adopting different supramolecular assemblies in aqueous media depending on the internal packing arrangements and on the number of spacer methylene units -(CH2)(n)-]. Individual colloids were extracted from the aqueous to chloroform layer and spread at the air/water interface to allow the formation of well-defined Langmuir films. By analysis of the surface pressure-area isotherms, the details about the packing behavior and orientation of the imidazolium gemini surfactant capped silver nanoparticles were obtained. Morphological features of the dynamic process of monolayer compression at the air-water interface were elucidated using Brewster angle microscopy (BAM). These monolayers were further transferred on mica sheets by the Langmuir-Blodgett technique at their associated collapse pressure and the morphology of these monolayers was investigated by atomic force microscopy (AFM). The number of spacer methylene units -(CH2)(n)-] of the gemini surfactants exerted critical influence in modulating the characteristics of the resulting Langmuir films. (C) 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

How does spacer length of imidazolium gemini surfactants control the fabrication of 2D-Langmuir films of silver-nanoparticles at the air-water interface?

A series of gemini surfactants based on cationic imidazolium ring as polar headgroup, abbreviated as Im-n-Im], 2Br(-) (n = 2, 5,6 and 12), was synthesized. Their ability to stabilize silver nanoparticles in aqueous media was investigated. The resulting suspensions were characterized by UV-Vis spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). They exhibit specific morphologies by adopting different supramolecular assemblies in aqueous media depending on the internal packing arrangements and on the number of spacer methylene units -(CH2)(n)-]. Individual colloids were extracted from the aqueous to chloroform layer and spread at the air/water interface to allow the formation of well-defined Langmuir films. By analysis of the surface pressure-area isotherms, the details about the packing behavior and orientation of the imidazolium gemini surfactant capped silver nanoparticles were obtained. Morphological features of the dynamic process of monolayer compression at the air-water interface were elucidated using Brewster angle microscopy (BAM). These monolayers were further transferred on mica sheets by the Langmuir-Blodgett technique at their associated collapse pressure and the morphology of these monolayers was investigated by atomic force microscopy (AFM). The number of spacer methylene units (CH2)(n)-] of the gemini surfactants exerted critical influence in modulating the characteristics of the resulting Langmuir films. (C) 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Evaluacion de los factores del proceso de incubacion que intervienen en la ventana de nacimiento de los pollitos, en la incubadora PIPASA-Nicaragua, en el periodo de Enero a Julio, 2009

Espinoza Gutiérrez, LF; Matey Lechado, MS. 2009. Evaluación de los factores del proceso de incubación que intervienen en la ventana de nacimiento de los pollitos en la Incubadora PIPASA-Nicaragua, en el periodo de Enero a Julio ,2009. Tesis MV. En el grado de licenciatura.Managua, NI Facultad de Ciencia Animal de la Universidad Nacional Agraria (UNA).76p. Fueron evaluados los factores de exposición del huevo: temperatura,humedad relativa, volteo,tiempo de almacenamiento del huevo y edad de la reproductora, el efecto de las variaciones de estos factores sobre la calidad de los pollitos en el proceso de incubación, sobre la ventana de nacimiento de los pollitos, también se identificaron las principales muertes embrionarias (embriopatías) en la planta de Incubación PIPASA Nicaragua. Se realizaron diecisiete experimentos durante: la recepción, selección, y encharolado, almacenamiento en frío, atemperado o precalentamiento, carga a la maquina incubadora, ovocoscopia o miraje, toma de peso, trasferencia a la maquina nacedora y selección de los pollitos por su calidad. Se identificaron tres zonas (Z1, Z2 y Z3) dentro de la máquina; se tomaron tres charolas (pruebas) con huevos en las posiciones de: superior,media e inferior; después de ser transferidas se elaboro un horario de inspección de nacimiento durante las 48 horas (43, 38, 33, 23, y 13) de incubación en la nacedora. Se midieron los factores ambientales (temperatura, humedad) con huevos sensores (datalogger) para monitorear las fluctuaciones de los mismos cada cinco minutos. Una vez sacado el pollito se clasifico según su calidad (A, B) y se realizo la necropsia a huevos no picados para identificar las muertes embrionarias. Mediante ANDEVA se determino el efecto ocasionado por la ubicación (posición y zona) en el proceso de incubación sobre las variables dependientes (pollos nacidos), observando que el inicio del nacimiento (33 h antes del saque) fue de 3.76 % para las bandejas superiores, 1,2% para las bandejas medias y 0.25% para las bandejas inferiores durante la IV inspección, posteriormente (23 hantes del saque) fue 55.54%, 36.62% y 18.67%, respectivamente; para la V inspección, a las 13 horas,fue de un 86.35%, 82.10% y por 74.31% posición de bandejas (VI inspección).Durante la VII inspección, momento del saque, proyectaron un 88.82% para la posición superior,87.91% posición media,81.76% posición inferior.En lo referente al efecto de la zona se encontró que la zona 3 tuvo un valor significativo(P< 0.001)sobre el porcentaje de pollos nacidos de un 58% en comparación con la zona1 y en la zona 2 que ambas obtuvieron 54 %.Al evaluar la edad de la reproductora se observó que en reproductoras menores de 40 semanas de edad el tiempo de incubación fue mayor (497.5 horas); para lotes de 41 a 49 semanas de edad fue de 493 horas promedios y de 494 horas para los lotes mayores de 50 a 54 semanas. El volteo del huevo fértil no influyó sobre la ventana de nacimiento, puesto que este se realizaba de forma adecuada tanto en frecuencia, ángulo, eje y plano de rotación. Existe una relación directa entre la posición de la charola y la calidad del pollo, encontrando mayor calidad en las bandejas superiores con un 28.65% de pollos clase A con relación a las medias e inferiores de 24. 40% y 23.18%, respectivamente. Las principales embriopatías encontradas en la necropsia corresponden a malas posiciones (38%), un 27% de huevos infértiles, 17% de embriones vivos , 5% de embriones con deformidades y 5% de huevos contaminados (huevo bomba)y la edad de mortalidad mas alta fue 18-21 días conun 30%.

La representación política

Hace ya algún tiempo Pier Luigi Zampetti, Profesor de la Universidad de Trieste, se preguntaba si el sistema representativo habría llegado a su ocaso: “Las instituciones representativas parecían haberse convertido en fórmulas abstractas, incapaces de insertarse en la realidad viva y concreta de la experiencia”. La inquietud del profesor italiano, más allá del acierto en sus propuestas de solución, se origina en la pérdida de prestigio de las llamadas instituciones representativas, la desconfianza respecto de las mismas y la creciente insatisfacción en los electores por la conducta de sus elegidos. El estudio de los problemas suscitados puede ser realizado desde distintos ángulos: uno de ellos es si es posible una auténtica representación política del modo en que fuera modernamente concebida, o si se está solamente ante una trasposición indebida de una figura propia del derecho privado al ámbito del derecho público y el otro ángulo es el de la función que se le asigna al sistema representativo en el orden político...

Análisis de la utilización del recurso suelo en Nicaragua

El suelo se puede valorar desde una perspectiva productiva, económica, social, organizativa e histórica. En este caso se quiere hacer una valoración desde el punto de vista del suelo como mercancía, por ser objeto de compra venta. Pero hay particularidades que lo diferencian de otras mercancías, tales como no ser el resultado del trabajo precedente del hombre y tener un espacio geográfico limitado. En Centroamérica, Nicaragua es el país que tiene la más alta disponibilidad de suelo por habitante y El Salvador el que tiene la más baja disponibilidad de suelo por persona, en caso de relacionarlo con la superficie total. Pero cuando se relaciona con la superficie arable, la situación cambia para El Salvador, ya que Costa Rica tiene menos disponibilidad de suelo arable por persona. Lo cual es una buena noticia, debido a que el país dispone de más tiempo para mejorar los indicadores: productivos, ambientales, económicos y sociales. Nicaragua tiene el 82.2% del suelo de uso agropecuario, pero, la estructura de uso del área agropecuaria, se encuentra un uso extensivo. El 39.9% es de pasto natural y el 23.1% de suelo en descanso y tacotales. Este es un ángulo de importancia, debido a la creciente necesidad de alimentos y conservación de los recursos naturales. Tomando en cuenta la cantidad de explotaciones y el área, el coeficiente de Gini es de 0.72, el cual representa un alto nivel de concentración del uso del suelo. De acuerdo al modelo de regresión simple se ha utilizado en base a los datos de la FAO, se espera que cada año se pierdan 91 760 hectáreas de bosques. De 1 925 000 hectáreas de tierras arables que tiene Nicaragua, lo que significa que un 4.8% del suelo arable de nuestro país se deforesta cada año. Este es un panorama grave que se le debe prestar atención.