958 resultados para Ácidos húmicos


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The addition of active silica potentially improves the quality of concrete due to its high reactivity and pore refinement effect. The reactivity of silica is likely related to its charge density. Variations in surface charge alter the reactivity of the material consequently affecting the properties of concrete. The present study aimed at investigating variations in the charge density of silica as a function of acid treatments using nitric or phosphoric acid and different pH values (2.0, 4.0 and 6.0). Effects on concrete properties including slump, mechanical strength, permeability and chloride corrosion were evaluated. To that end, a statistical analysis was carried out and empirical models that correlate studied parameters (pH, acid and cement) with concrete properties were established. The quality of the models was tested by variance analysis. The results revealed that the addition of silica was efficiency in improving the properties of concrete, especially the electrochemical parameters. The addition of silica treated using nitric acid at pH = 4.0 displayed the best cement performance including highest strength, reduced permeability and lowest corrosion current

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Stimulation operations have with main objective restore or improve the productivity or injectivity rate in wells. Acidizing is one of the most important operations of well stimulation, consist in inject acid solutions in the formation under fracture formation pressure. Acidizing have like main purpose remove near wellbore damage, caused by drilling or workover operations, can be use in sandstones and in carbonate formations. A critical step in acidizing operation is the control of acid-formation reaction. The high kinetic rate of this reaction, promotes the consumed of the acid in region near well, causing that the acid treatment not achive the desired distance. In this way, the damage zone can not be bypassed. The main objective of this work was obtain stable systems resistant to the different conditions found in field application, evaluate the kinetic of calcite dissolution in microemulsion systems and simulate the injection of this systems by performing experiments in plugs. The systems were obtained from two non ionic surfactants, Unitol L90 and Renex 110, with sec-butanol and n-butanol like cosurfactants. The oily component of the microemlsion was xilene and kerosene. The acqueous component was a solution of HCl 15-26,1%. The results shown that the microemulsion systems obtained were stable to temperature until 100ºC, high calcium concentrations, salinity until 35000 ppm and HCl concentrations until 25%. The time for calcite dissolution in microemulsion media was 14 times slower than in aqueous HCl 15%. The simulation in plugs showed that microemulsion systems promote a distributed flux and promoted longer channels. The permeability enhancement was between 177 - 890%. The results showed that the microemulsion systems obtained have potential to be applied in matrix acidizing

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This study investigated the impact of pulp hexenuronic acids (HexAs) content on pulping yield by changing cooking reaction temperature. The bleachability of pulps containing variable amounts of HexAs was also investigated. The cooking at 170 degrees C produced pulp of kappa number, HexAs and screen yield of 16.2, 49.4 mmol/kg and 50.2%, respectively, whereas the cooking at 156 degrees C resulted pulp of kappa 17.0, 61.3 mmol/kg HexAs and 50.8% screened yield. The pulp produced at lower cooking temperature also showed better bleachability as evaluated by the total amount of active chlorine required to achieve 90% ISO. The sequence OAHTD(EP) DD showed the lowest bleaching performance among all.

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Diversion colitis is a chronic inflammatory process affecting the dysfunctional colon, after a colostomy. It is postulated that nutritional deficiency of the colonic epithelium by the absence of short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) is one of the factors responsible for the appearance of DC and that their employment could reverse the morphological changes of the mucosa. The treatment of choice for fecal diversion colitis (DC) is the reconstruction of the intestinal tract, although they suggested therapeutic options using enemas. This study evaluates the effect of SCFA in atrophy and inflammation in excluded colonic segments before and after the installation DC. Forty Wistar rats were divided into four groups (n = 10 for each group), submitted colostomy with distal colon exclusion. Two control groups (A1 and B1) received rectally administered physiological saline, whereas two experimental groups (A2 and B2) received rectally administered short-chain fatty-acids. The A groups were prophylactically treated (5th to 40th days postoperatively), whereas the B groups were therapeutically treated (after postoperative day 40), for 07 days. Histological sections stained with HE were used for histological analysis of the thickness of the colonic mucosa excluded (t- Student p ≤0.05). Inflammatory reaction of the lamina propria and mucosa were measured with scores previously established (Mann Whitney p ≤ 0.05). There was a significant thickness recovery of the colonic mucosa in group B2 animals (p = 0.0001), which also exhibited a significant reduction in the number of eosinophilic polymorphonuclear cells in the lamina propria (p = 0.0126) and in the intestinal lumen (p = 0.0256). Group A2 did not prevent the mucosal atrophy and significant increases in the numbers of lymphocytes (p=0.0006) and 50 eosinophilic polymorphonuclear cells in the lamina propria of the mucosa (p = 0.0022). Therapeutic use of short-chain fatty-acids significantly reduced eosinophilic polymorphonuclear cell numbers in the intestinal wall and in the colonic lumen; it also reversed the atrophy of the colonic mucosa. Prophylactic use did not impede the development of mucosal atrophy

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Desenvolveu-se este trabalho com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito de ácidos orgânicos adicionados à dieta de aves de postura. Foram utilizadas 75 frangas Isa Brown de 4 meses de idade, divididas em três grupos experimentais (I, II e III) de 25 aves cada e avaliadas por um período de 8 semanas. O grupo I recebeu ração tratada com ácidos orgânicos por quatro semanas, enquanto que o grupo II recebeu ração com ácidos orgânicos por oito semanas, permanecendo o grupo III sem a suplementação de ácidos orgânicos durante todo o período experimental, sendo definido como grupo controle. Ao final do experimento, foram observados dados de produção de ovos, peso das aves, qualidade e peso de ovos. Os resultados demonstraram que a produção de ovos foi melhor nas aves tratadas com o aditivo acidificante (grupos I e II), sendo que os acidificantes também proporcionaram um melhor peso corporal nas aves (P<0,05). A qualidade e o peso dos ovos não foram afetados pela suplementação desses aditivos.

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O objetivo neste trabalho foi avaliar as características químicas e a composição em ácidos graxos do contrafilé (músculo Longissimus) de tourinhos, novilhos e novilhas da raça Canchim. Os animais foram terminados em confinamento com duas dietas experimentais, uma com silagem de milho e concentrado e outra com cana-de-açúcar e concentrado contendo grãos de girassol. Os teores de umidade, proteína e minerais no músculo não diferiram entre as dietas e as condições sexuais dos animais. A carne de novilhos terminados com a dieta com grãos de girassol apresentou maior teor de lipídios (3,31%) em comparação à dos animais de outras categorias. Os animais que receberam a dieta com grãos de girassol apresentaram maiores concentrações de ácido linoléico conjugado (18:2 cis9, trans-11) (0,73%) e ácidos graxos poliinsaturados (8,12%) no músculo, e também relações mais elevadas de ácidos graxos insaturados:saturados (0,93) e ácidos graxos poliinsaturados:saturados (0,16) em comparação àqueles que receberam a dieta convencional, à base de silagem de milho (0,34%; 6,31%; 0,86; e 0,11, respectivamente). A composição em ácidos graxos da carne de bovinos pode ser melhorada com a utilização de cana-de-açúcar e grãos de girassol na dieta dos animais terminados em confinamento.

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O objetivo neste trabalho foi avaliar a composição de ácidos graxos e a qualidade do contrafilé (músculo Longissimus lumborum) de tourinhos das raças Nelore e Canchim. Os animais foram terminados em confinamento e alimentados com dietas contendo cana-de-açúcar e dois níveis de concentrado (40 e 60% na matéria seca). Os concentrados foram compostos de grãos de girassol, milho, farelo de soja, levedura seca de cana-de-açúcar, uréia e núcleo mineral. O delineamento experimental foi o inteiramente ao acaso, em esquema fatorial 2 × 2 (grupo genético × nível de concentrado). Não foram observadas diferenças nos teores de umidade, proteína e extrato etéreo da carne. Os animais da raça Nelore apresentaram maiores concentrações de ácido linoléico conjugado (0,52%), ácidos graxos insaturados (46,82%) e também relações mais elevadas de ácidos graxos insaturados:saturados (1,02) e monoinsaturados:saturados (0,86) em comparação aos tourinhos da raça Canchim. Os tourinhos da raça Canchim apresentaram maior intensidade das cores vermelha e amarela no contrafilé e maior luminosidade da gordura de cobertura. Houve interação para força de cisalhamento, que foi menor nos tourinhos Nelore alimentados com 40% de concentrado. Tourinhos da raça Nelore apresentam carne com melhor composição de ácidos graxos na gordura intramuscular do ponto de vista da saúde humana.

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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

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Corrosion usually occurs in pipelines, so that it is necessary to develop new surface treatments to control it. Surfactants have played an outstanding role in this field due to its capacity of adsorbing on metal surfaces, resulting in interfaces with structures that protect the metal at low surfactant concentrations. The appearance of new surfactants is a contribution to the area, as they increase the possibility of corrosion control at specific conditions that a particular oil field presents. The aim of this work is to synthesize the surfactants sodium 12 hydroxyocadecenoate (SAR), sodium 9,10-epoxy-12 hydroxyocadecanoate (SEAR), and sodium 9,10:12,13-diepoxy-octadecanoate (SEAL) and apply them as corrosion inhibitors, studying their action in environments with different salinities and at different temperatures. The conditions used in this work were chosen in order to reproduce oil field reality. The study of the micellization of these surfactants in the liquid-gas interface was carried out using surface tensiometry. It was observed that cmc increased as salt concentration was increased, and temperature and pH were decreased, while cmc decreased with the addition of two epoxy groups in the molecule. Using the values of cmc and the Gibbs equation, the values of Gibbs free energy of adsorption, area per adsorbed molecule, and surface excess were calculated. The surface excess increases as salt concentration and temperature decreases, increasing as pH is increased. The area per adsorbed molecule and the free energy of adsorption decrease with salt concentration, temperature, and pH increase. SAXS results showed that the addition of epoxy group in surfactant structure results in a decrease in the repulsion between the micelles, favoring the formation of more oblong micellar structures, ensuring a better efficiency of metal coverage. The increase in salt and surfactant concentrations provides an increase in micellar diameter. It was shown that the increase in temperature does not influence micellar structure, indicating thermal stability that is advantageous for use as corrosion inhibitor. The results of inhibition efficiency for the surfactants SEAR and SEAL were considered the best ones. Above cmc, adsorption occurred by the migration of micelles from the bulk of the solution to the metal surface, while at concentrations below cmc film formation must be due to the adsorption of semi-micellar and monomeric structures, certainly due to the presence of the epoxy group, which allows side interactions of the molecule with the metal surface. The metal resistance to corrosion presented values of 90% of efficiency. The application of Langmuir and Frumkin isotherms showed that the later gives a better description of adsorption because the model takes into account side interactions from the adsorbing molecules. Wettability results showed that micelle formation on the solid surface occurs at concentrations in the magnitude of 10-3 M, which isthe value found in the cmc study. This value also justifies the maximum efficiencies obtained for the measurements of corrosion resistance at this concentration. The values of contact angle as a function of time suggest that adsorption increases with time, due to the formation of micellar structures on metal surface

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Metal Organic Frameworks (MOFs) are supramolecular structures consisted of ions or metal clusters coordinated to organic ligands which are repeated in two or three dimensions. These structures have atracted much attention due to their properties such as low density, high specific surface area and large volume of pores. In this work, MOFs consisted of zinc clusters connected by ditopic ligands, terephthalic acid (1,4- H2BDC) or isophthalic acid (1,3-H2BDC) were synthesized. To obtain the proposed materials, different routes and synthetic parameters were tested, such as the molar ratio of the precursors, the addition of template molecules, the type of solvente, the addition of organic base or the type of a counter-ion of Zn salt. It was found that the variation of these parameters led to the formation of different metalorganic structures. The solids obtained were characterized by XRD, SEM and IR. For the samples identified as MOF- 5, it was verified that the structure was composed of both interpenetrated and non interpenetrated structures. These samples showed a low stability, becoming totally transformed into another structure within less than 72 hours. The addition of the nickel and/or cobalt was found to be a promissing method for increasing the stability of MOF- 5, which in this case, still remained unconverted to another structure even after 15 days of exposure to air. The samples prepared from 1,3-H2BDC were probably new, still unknown Metal Organic Frameworks

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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

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O experimento teve como objetivo verificar a ação da apramicina (10 ppm) e dos ácidos fórmico + propiônico (0,0; 0,1 e 0,2%) no desempenho de frangos de corte sexados. A mistura dos ácidos orgânicos foi de 1:1. O delineamento foi inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 2 x 3 x 2 (apramicina x ácidos orgânicos x sexos), com 4 repetições de 45 aves por parcela, totalizando 2.160 pintos Cobb de 1 dia. As aves receberam ração à vontade. Na fase inicial, a adição da apramicina (10 ppm) e 0,1% dos ácidos orgânicos, isoladamente, melhorou o ganho de peso das aves. A adição conjunta dos produtos não promoveu ganho acumulado. Na presença da apramicina, a adição dos ácidos orgânicos piorou a conversão alimentar. Nas fases final e total, os dados de desempenho não apresentaram diferenças significativas. O rendimento de carcaça foi prejudicado com a adição conjunta da apramicina e 0,1% dos ácidos orgânicos.

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The aim of this work was to characterize jambolan seeds regarding its centesimal composition, and also to evaluate its antioxidant potential and fatty acid profile. To obtain the extract, dehydrated and grinded seeds were extracted with ethyl alcohol for 30 minutes, at a proportion of 1:3 of seeds:ethyl alcohol, under continuous agitation, at room temperature. Afterwards, the mixture was filtered and the supernatant subjected to a rotoevaporator at 40 degrees C aiming to determine, by direct weighing, the extract's dry matter yield. According to the results of centesimal composition, higher values were found for total carbohydrates. Ethanolic extract from jambolan seeds exhibited antioxidant potential, given by the EC(50) value, as well as by the amount of total phenolic compounds. In the oil studied, higher percentage of unsatured fatty acids stood out, being linoleic acid the main component, considered an essential fatty acid.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)