An overview of Calanus helgolandicus ecology in European waters

We review current knowledge and understanding of the biology and ecology of the calanoid copepod Calanus helgolandicus in European waters, as well as provide a collaborative synthesis of data from 18 laboratories and 26 sampling stations in areas distributed from the northern North Sea to the Aegean and Levantine Seas. This network of zooplankton time-series stations has enabled us to collect and synthesise seasonal and multi-annual data on abundance, body size, fecundity, hatching success and vertical distribution of C. helgolandicus. An aim was to enable comparison with its congener Calanus finmarchicus, which has been studied intensively as a key component of European and north east Atlantic marine ecosystems. C. finmarchicus is known to over-winter at depth, whereas the life-cycle of C. helgolandicus is less well understood. Overwintering populations of C. helgolandicus have been observed off the Atlantic coast between 400 and 800 m, while in the Mediterranean there is evidence of significant deep-water populations at depths as great as 4200 m. The biogeographical distribution of C. helgolandicus in European coastal waters covers a wide range of habitats, from open ocean to coastal environments, and its contribution to mesozooplankton biomass ranges from 6% to 93%. Highest abundances were recorded in the Adriatic and off the west coast of Spain. C. helgolandicus is generally found in 9-20 C water, with maximum abundances from 13-17 C. In contrast, C. finmarchicus is found in cooler water between 0 and 15 C, with peak abundances from 0 to 9 C. As water has warmed in the North Atlantic over recent decades, the range of C. helgolandicus and its abundance on the fringes of its expanding range have increased. This review will facilitate development of population models of C. helgolandicus. This will not only help answer remaining questions but will improve our ability to forecast future changes, in response to a warming climate, in the abundance and distribution of this important species.

Induction of hypertrophic responsiveness of cardiomyocytes to neuropeptide Y in response to pressure overload.

To determine whether neuropeptide Y (NPY)-related mechanisms become activated with progression of cardiac hypertrophy in vivo, protein mass and de novo protein synthesis (incorporation of [(14)C]Phe, 0.1 muCi ml(-1)) were assessed in cardiomyocytes, obtained from spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs) and normotensive Wistar Kyoto rats (8, 12, 16, 20, and 24 weeks of age), and cultured for 24 h. NPY (10(-8) M) increased protein mass of cardiomyocytes from 16-week-old SHRs by 9.2 +/- 2.1% (n = 8, P

IntCal04 terrestrial radiocarbon age calibration, 0-26 cal kyr BP

A new calibration curve for the conversion of radiocarbon ages to calibrated (cal) ages has been constructed and internationally ratified to replace IntCal98, which extended from 0-24 cal kyr BP (Before Present, 0 cal BP = AD 1950). The new calibration data set for terrestrial samples extends from 0-26 cal kyr BP, but with much higher resolution beyond 11.4 cal kyr BP than IntCal98. Dendrochronologically-dated tree-ring samples cover the period from 0-12.4 cal kyr BP. Beyond the end of the tree rings, data from marine records (corals and foraminifera) are converted to the atmospheric equivalent with a site-specific marine reservoir correction to provide terrestrial calibration from 12.4-26.0 cal kyr BP. A substantial enhancement relative to IntCal98 is the introduction of a coherent statistical approach based on a random walk model, which takes into account the uncertainty in both the calendar age and the (super 14) C age to calculate the underlying calibration curve (Buck and Blackwell, this issue). The tree-ring data sets, sources of uncertainty, and regional offsets are discussed here. The marine data sets and calibration curve for marine samples from the surface mixed layer (Marine04) are discussed in brief, but details are presented in Hughen et al. (this issue a). We do not make a recommendation for calibration beyond 26 cal kyr BP at this time; however, potential calibration data sets are compared in another paper (van der Plicht et al., this issue).

Pyrimidine and pyrazine as N-donor ligands in mercurous complexes: [Hg-2(Pym)]NO3)(2), [Hg-2(Pym)](ClO4)(2), and [Hg-2(Pyp)(2)](ClO4)(2)

Colourless single crystals of [Hg-2(Pym)](NO3)(2), [Hg-2(Pym)](ClO4)(2) and [Hg-2(Pyp)(2)](ClO4)(2) were obtained from aqueous solutions of the respective components Hg-2(NO3)(2).2H(2)O, Hg-2(ClO4)(2).6H(2)O, pyrimidine (Pym) and pyrazine (Pyp). The crystal structures were determined from single-crystal X-ray diffractometer data. [Hg-2(Pym)](NO3)(2): monoclinic, C2/c, Z = 8, a = 1607.4(2), b = 652.79(7), c = 2000.5(2) pm, beta = 103.42(2)degrees, R-all = 0.0530; [Hg-2(Pym)](ClO4)(2): orthorhombic, Pnma, Z = 4, a = 1182.7(2), b = 1662.5(2), c = 607.9(1) pm, R-all = 0.0438; [Hg-2(Pyp)(2)](ClO4)(2): orthorhombic, Aba2, Z = 4, a = 1529.39(9), b = 1047.10(14), c = 1133.49(15) pm, R-all = 0.0381. The crystal structures of [Hg-2(Pym)](NO3)(2) and [Hg-2(Pym)](ClO4)(2) contain polymeric cationic chains [Hg-2(Pym)](+) that are arranged to corrugated layers between which the anions are situated. [Hg-2(Pyp)(2)](ClO4)(2) consists of polymeric cationic layers that are built from (Hg-2)(2)(Hg-2)(2/2)(Pyp)(4) rings connected to each other; the perchlorate tetrahedra are located between these layers.

Molecular abundances in the magellanic clouds .1. A multiline study of five cloud cores

Nine H II regions of the LMC were mapped in (CO)-C-13(1-0) and three in (CO)-C-12(1-0) to study the physical properties of the interstellar medium in the Magellanic Clouds. For N113 the molecular core is found to have a peak position which differs from that of the associated H II region by 20 ''. Toward this molecular core the (CO)-C-12 and (CO)-C-13 peak T-MB line temperatures of 7.3 K and 1.2 K are the highest so far found in the Magellanic Clouds. The molecular concentrations associated with N113, N44BC, N159HW, and N214DE in the LMC and LIRS 36 in the SMC were investigated in a variety of molecular species to study the chemical properties of the interstellar medium. I(HCO+)/I(HCN) and I(HCN)/I(HNC) intensity ratios as well as lower limits to the I((CO)-C-13)/I((CO)-O-18) ratio were derived for the rotational 1-0 transitions. Generally, HCO+ is stronger than HCN, and HCN is stronger than HNC. The high relative HCO+ intensities are consistent with a high ionization flux from supernovae remnants and young stars, possibly coupled with a large extent of the HCO+ emission region. The bulk of the HCN arises from relatively compact dense cloud cores. Warm or shocked gas enhances HCN relative to HNC. From chemical model calculations it is predicted that I(HCN)/I(HNC) close to one should be obtained with higher angular resolution (less than or similar to 30 '') toward the cloud cores. Comparing virial masses with those obtained from the integrated CO intensity provides an H-2 mass-to-CO luminosity conversion factor of 1.8 x 10(20) mol cm(-2) (K km s(-1))(-1) for N113 and 2.4 x 10(20) mol cm(-2) (K km s(-1))(-1) for N44BC. This is consistent with values derived for the Galactic disk.

Composite hunting technologies from the Terminal Pleistocene and Early Holocene, Niah Cave, Borneo

Renewed archaeological investigation of the West Mouth of Niah Cave, Borneo has demonstrated that even within lowland equatorial environments depositional conditions do exist where organic remains of late glacial and early post-glacial age can be preserved. Excavations by the Niah Cave Research Project (NCP) (2000-2003) towards the rear of the archaeological reserve produced several bone points and worked stingray spines, which exhibit evidence of hafting mastic and fibrous binding still adhering to their shafts. The position of both gives strong indication of how these cartilaginous points were hafted and gives insight into their potential function. These artefacts were recovered from secure and (14)C dated stratigraphic horizons. The results of this study have implications for our understanding the function of the Terminal Pleistocene and Early Holocene bone tools recovered from other regions of Island Southeast Asia. They demonstrate that by the end the Pleistocene rainforest foragers in Borneo were producing composite technologies that probably included fishing leisters and potentially the bow and arrow. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Total Synthesis of the Potent HIF-1 Inhibitory Antitumor Natural Product, (8R)-Mycothiazole, via Baldwin–Lee CsF/CuI sp3–sp2-Stille Cross-Coupling. Confirmation of the Crews Reassignment

A convenient asymmetric total synthesis of the potent HIF-1 inhibitory antitumor natural product, (−)- or (+)-(8R)-mycothiazole (1), is described. Not only does our synthesis confirm the 2006 structural reassignment made by Crews (Crews, P., et al. J. Nat. Prod. 2006, 69, 145), it revises the [α]_D data previously reported for this molecule in MeOH from −13.7° to +42.3°. The newly developed route to (8R)-1 sets the C(8)–OH stereocenter via Sharpless AE/2,3-epoxy alcohol reductive ring opening and utilizes two Baldwin–Lee CsF/cat. CuI Stille cross-coupling reactions with vinylstannanes 8 and 3 to efficiently elaborate the C(1)–C(4) and C(14)–C(18) sectors.

Costos metabólicos de Engraulis ringens y Sardinops sagax en relación al peso, temperatura y el nivel de actividad

El metabolismo estándar de la anchoveta es más alto que el de la sardina; en .las larvas por un factor promedio de 2.3 y por 2.1 en juveniles y adultos en el rango de temperaturas de 14-20ºC. Lo opuesto sucede en el metabolismo activo: para una velocidad de natación de un cuerpo por segundo( =metabolismo de rutina), la anchoveta adulta con un peso mayor de 20 g a 20ºC y mayor de 50 g a 14ºC gasta menos energía que la sardina de tamaños similares; incrementándose la velocidad a 3 c.p .seg a 17°C.todos los tamaños mayores de 1.5 g de Sardina necesitan más energía que las anchovetas de pesos similares (una sardina de 5 g 1.5 veces y una de 25 g 3.8 veces más). Un cambio de temperatura de 6ºc (de 14° C a 20°c) afecta a ambas especies en una forma diferente : asumiendo una velocidad de natación de 1 cuerpo por segundo, una larva de anchoveta( 0.1 g) tiene que incrementar sus gastos metabólicos dos veces más que la larva de sardina, pero una anchoveta adulta( 40 g)necesita solo un 60% de lo que requiere una sardina del mismo tamaño .

Le Roman de Renart.

Contient : 1 Branche de « PERROZ » [de SAINT-CLOUD] ; 2 « C'est la branche comme R. fist Y. entrer ou puis » ; 3 « C'est la branche de R. et d'Y., com il issirent de la mer » ; 4 « C'est des.II. provoires qui aloient au sane de Tiebert le chat » ; 5 « C'est d'Ysengrin et de la Jument » ; 6 « C'est de l'Ors et d'Ysengrin et dou Vilain » ; 7 « C'est la branche come R. dut jurer le sairement à Y. » ; 8 « C'est la branche de la bataille de Renart et d'Ysengrin » ; 9 La Confession Renart ; 10 « C'est de l'Ors et de R. et dou vilain Lietart » ; 11 « Comment R. et T. li chaz chanterent vespres et matines », de « RICHART DE LISON » ; 12 « C'est la branche de R., com il fu getez en la charrete au pessonniers » ; 13 « C'est la branche come R. parfist le con » ; 14 « C'est la branche come R. menja son provoire » ; 15 « C'est d'Ysengrin et de prestres Martin » ; 16 « C'est d'Y. et de la Jument » ; 17 « C'est la branche de Y. et de R. et dou Gresillon » ; 18 « C'est de R. et d'Y. et dou Lyon, com il departirent la proie », de « PIERRE DE SAINT CLOST » ; 19 « C'est la branche de Renart, si come il fu mires » ; 20 « C'est la branche de R., com il fu empereres »

Recueil de lettres et de pièces originales, et de copies de pièces indiquées comme telles dans le dépouillement qui suit.

Contient : 1 Lettre de « GUILLAUME DE NASSAU [prince D'ORANGE]... au roy [Henri III]... De Delfft, ce XXIIIIe de juing 1584 » ; 2 Lettre de « GUILLAUME DE NASSAU [prince D'ORANGE]... à la royne, mere du roy... A Delft, ce XXIIIIe de juing 1584 » ; 3 Lettre d' « ADOLF DE MEETKERKE,... au roy [Henri III]... De Delf, ce XXIIIIe de juin 1584 » ; 4 Lettre d' « AND. FOFESSELZ,... à monsieur d'Espruneaulx,... D'Anvers, ce 16 de juillet 1584 » ; 5 « Memoyre de l'estat des villes et gens de guerre du Païs Bas. 1585 » ; 6 Lettre du Sr « HINCKART,... à monsieur... Despreuneaux,... D'Anvers, ce XVIIe de jullet 1584 » ; 7 « Duplicata » de lettre des « Estats generaulx des provinces unies des Pays Bas... à monsieur... Des Pruneaux,... De la ville de Delft, ce XXe de juillet 1584 » ; 8 « Harangue des deputés des Pays Bas au roy [Henri III], l'an 1584 ». Copie ; 9 Onze lettres circulaires de « HENRY » III, pour le « Sr Despruneaux », envoyé aux Pays Bas. « Escript à Fontainebleau, le dernier jour de juillet 1584 » ; 10 Lettre du Sr DE « LA NEUFVILLE,... à monsieur... Des Pruneaulx,... A Paris, ce 21e jour de juillet 1584 » ; 11 Lettre du Sr « LES PRUNEAUS » au roi Henri III. « De Delf, le 23e d'aoust 1584 ». Copie ; 12 Lettre d'ARMAND DE GONTAUT, maréchal DE « BIRON,... à monsieur Des Pruneaulx,... De Paris, ce XVme septembre 1584 » ; 13 Lettre des « Estats de la duché de Gueldres et compté de Zutphe... à monsieur... Despruneaulx, ambassadeur du roy de France... De Arnhem, ce XVIe de septembre 1584, stilo veteri » ; 14 « C'est ce que monseigneur Des Pruneaux a baillé par escript à mesrs les Estas generaux des Peïs Bas de la part du roy... Faict à Delft, le XXIIe d'aougst 1584 ». Copie ; 15 « Extraict du registre des resolutions de messieurs du conseil d'Estat commis au gouvernement des provinces unies des Pays Bas, du XXIIIe d'octobre 1584 » ; 16 Lettre du Sr « LESCALVART,... à monsieur... Despruneaux,... D'Anvers, ce XXIIe d'octobre 1584 » ; 17 Lettre des « Estats generaulx des provinces unies des Pays Bas... à monsieur... Despruneaulx, ambassadeur du roy tres chrestien... De La Haye, le IXme d'octobre 1584 » ; 18 Lettre de « GUILLAUME DE MAULDE,... à monsieur... Despruneaulx,... De Delft, ce XVIIIe de octobre 1584 » ; 19 Lettre du Sr « DE TAFFIN,... à monsieur... Despruneaux,... En Anvers, ce 9e d'octobre 1584 » ; 20 Lettre de « M[ICHEL] DE CASTELNAU,... à monsieur... Despruneaux,... De Londres, ce XVIIIe octobre 1584 » ; 21 Lettre du Sr « ALEXANDER DE ZOETE, dit MAULTAINS,... à monsieur... Despruneaulx,... De Middelbourg, le 15 d'octobre 1584 » ; 22 Lettre de « GUILLAUME LOUYS, conte DE NASSAU,... à monsieur... d'Espruneaux,... De Franicker, le 6 d'octobre 1584 » ; 23 Lettre du Sr « LESCALVART,... à monsieur... Despruneaux,... D'Anvers, ce Xe d'octobre 1584 » ; 24 Lettre du Sr « ODET DE LA NOUE,... à monsieur... Des Pruneaux,... D'Anvers, ce 29 d'octobre 1584 » ; 25 Lettre de « MAURICE DE NASSAU,... à monsieur... de Pruneaulx,... De La Haye, ce 15e d'octobre 1584 » ; 26 « C'est ce que monsieur d'Espruneaux a baillé par escript à messieurs les Estatz generaux des Pays Bas de la part du roy, du 22e d'aougst 1584 » ; 27 Lettre de « l'Electeur de Coloigne [ERNEST DE BAVIERE]... à monsieur... Despruneaux,... De Housselde Dyck, ce XXVIe d'octobre 1584 » ; 28 « Lettre d'ALEXANDRE, prince DE PARME,... escripte aux abitans d'Envers... Du camp à Stabroeck, ce XIIIe de novembre 1584 » ; 29 Lettre de « PH[ILIPPE] DE MARNIX,... à monsieur... Despruneaux,... D'Anvers, ce VIIIe novembre 1584 » ; 30 Lettre de « PH[ILIPPE] DE MARNIX, dit de ST ALDEGONDE,... à monseigneur... le duc de Pernon,... D'Anvers, ce VIIIe novembre 1584 » ; 31 Lettre du Sr « ODET DE LA NOUE,... à monsieur... Des Pruneaux,... D'Anvers, ce 7 de novembre 1584 » ; 32 Lettre de « MAXIMILIEN DE HORNES,... à monsieur... de Pruneaulx,... D'Osthende, ce IIIe de novembre 1584 » ; 33 Lettre de « l'Electeur de Coloigne [ERNEST DE BAVIERE]... à monsieur... Despruneaux,... De Delfft, ce 13me de decembre 1584, stilo novo » ; 34 Lettre de « LANCELOT PARASIS,... à monseigneur... Despruneaulx,... D'Anvers, ce IXe d'octobre 1584 » ; 35 Lettre de « MAURICE DE NASSAU,... à monsieur... Des Pruneaulx,... De Middelbourg en Zeelande, ce 18e de decembre 1584 » ; 36 Lettre du Sr « LESCALVART,... à monsieur... Despruneaux,... D'Anvers, ce VIIe d'octobre 1584 » ; 37 Lettre des « burgmestres, eschevins et conseil de la ville d'Anvers... à monsieur... Despruneaulx,... D'Anvers, ce XIIe d'octobre 1584 » ; 38 Lettre de « GUILLAUME LOUYS, conte DE NASSAU,... à monsieur... d'Espruneaux,... De Franicker, ce 5 de novembre 1584, stilo novo » ; 39 « Lettre envoyée par le prince DE PARME aux bourgmaistres, eschevins et magistrat de la ville d'Anvers, ensemble et au grand conseil... Avec la responce desditz Srs... A Anvers... 1584 » ; 40 Lettre de « GUILLAUME MARTINY,... à monseigneur De Pruneaux,... D'Anvers... le XIII de jullet 1584 » ; 41 « Articles demandés au roy Henry [III] par les Pays Bas l'eslisants pour seigneur... A La Haye le Conte, ce troiziesme jour de decembre 1584 » ; 42 Lettre des « chiefz tresorier general et commis des demaine et finances des Pays Bas... à monsieur... Despruneaulx,... De La Haye, ce XVIIIe de decembre 1584 » ; 43 Lettre des « Estats generaux des provinces unies des Pays Bas... à monsieur... d'Espruneaux,... Escript à La Haye, ce IIIe jour de decembre 1584 » ; 44 Copie de la « responce donnée par messeigneurs les Estatz generaulx des provinces unies des Pays Bas... sur les lettres... à eulx escriptes par messeigneurs l'electeur de Treves et prince de Liege... A Delft, le VIIIe jour de septembre XV.C. quatre vingtz quatre » ; 45 Lettre d'« AND. FOFESSELZ,... à monsieur d'Espruneaulx,... D'Anvers, ce 5 d'octobre 1584 » ; 46 Lettre des « deputez des Estats generaulx des provinces unies des Pays Bas... à monseigneur Despruneaulx,... De Bouloigne, ce VIIe de janvier 1585 » ; 47 Lettre de « MAURICE DE NASSAU,... à monsieur... de Pruneaulx,... De Middelbourg, ce 22e de janvier 1585 » ; 48 Lettre des « deputez des Estats generaulx des provinces unies du Pays Bas... à monsieur... d'Espruneaulx,... De Calais, ce 4e de janvier 1585 » ; 49 Passeport du roi « HENRY » III pour le « Sr Despruneaulx,... Donné à Paris, le XXIXe jour d'octobre 1585 » ; 50 Lettre des députés des États généraux des provinces unies des Pays-Bas « à monsieur... Despruneaux,... D'Abbeville, ce XVIIIme de janvier 1585 » ; 51 Lettre des « deputez des Estatz generaulx des provinces unies des Pays Bas... à monsieur... d'Espruneaulx,... De Clairmont,... le XXIIIe jour de janvier 1585 » ; 52 Lettre de « GEORGE MATRINIT » à « monseigneur... D'Anvers, ce 16 janvier 1585, stillo novo » ; 53 Lettre des « deputés des provinces unies des Pays Bas... à monsieur... Despruneaulx,... De Seulges, le deuxiesme jour de febvrier 1585 » ; 54 Lettre du Sr « ALEXANDER DE ZOETE, dit MAULTAINS,... à monsieur... d'Espruneaulx,... De Middelbourg, le 3 de janvier 1585 » ; 55 Lettre d'HENRY DE LA TOUR, vicomte DE « TURENNE,... à monsieur Des Pruneaulx,... De Montaulbans, ce premier jour d'apvril 1585 » ; 56 Lettre d' « AND. FOFESSELZ,... à monsieur... d'Espruneaulx,... D'Anvers, ce 2 de janvier 1585 » ; 57 Copie de lettre des « deputez des Estats generaulx des provinces unies des Pays Bas » au roi Henri III. « De Bolonge, ce VIIe jour de janvier 1585 » ; 58 Lettre de « MAURICE DE NASSAU,... à monsieur... de Pruneaulx,... Escript à Middelbourg, ce Xe de juing 1586 » ; 59 Copie de lettre des députés des États généraux des provinces unies des Pays-Bas au roi Henri III. 1585

Glucose dynamics in rat skeletal muscle : recovery from osmotic stress

The purpose of this study was to examine cell glucose kinetics in rat skeletal muscle during iso-osmotic recovery from hyper- and hypo-osmotic stress. Rat EDL muscles were incubated for sixty minutes in either HYPO (190 mmol/kg), ISO (290 mmol/kg), or HYPER (400 mmol/kg) media (Sigma medium-199, 8 mM glucose) according to an established in vitro whole muscle model. In addition to sixty minute baseline measures in aniso-osmotic conditions, (HYPO-0 n=8; ISO- 0, n=S; HYPER-0, n=8), muscles were subjected to either one minute (HYPO-1 n=8; ISO-1, n=8; HYPER-1, n=8) or five minutes (HYPO-5 n=8; ISO-5, n=8; HYPER-5, n=8) of iso-osmotic recovery media and analyzed for metabolite content and glycogen synthase percent activation. To determine glucose uptake during iso-osmotic recovery, muscles (n=6 per group) were incubated for sixty minutes in either hypo-, iso-, or hyper-osmotic media immediately followed by five minutes of iso-osmotic media containing 3H-glucose and 14 C-mannitol. Increased relative water content/decreased [glucose] (observed in HYPO-0) and decreased water content/increased [glucose] (observed in HYPER-0) returned to ISO levels within 5 minutes of recovery. Glycogen synthase percent activation increased significantly in HYPO-5 over iso-osmotic controls. Glucose uptake measurements revealed no significant differences between groups. It was determined that [glucose] and muscle water content rapidly recovered from osmotic stress demonstrating skeletal muscle's resilience to osmotic stress.

Changes in the magnitude and pattern of translocation of photoassimilated ¹CO in soybean plants following an acute exposure to gamma radiation /

Young soybean plants (Glycine ~. L. cultivar Harosoy '63), grown under controlled conditions, were exposed to gamma radiation on a single occasion. One hour following exposure to 3,750 rads, the mature trifoliate leaf of the soybean plant was isolated in a closed system and permitted to photoassimilate approximately 1-5 pCi of 14C02 for 15 minutes. After an additional 45 minute-period, the plant was sacrificed and the magnitude of translocation and distribution pattern of 14C determined. In the non-irradiated plants 18~ of the total 14C recovered was outside the fed leaf blades and of this translocated 14c, 28~ was above the node of the fed leaf, 38~ in the stem below the node, 28~ in the roots and 7~ in the petiole. As well, in the irradiated plants, a smaller per cent (6~) of the total 14 C recovered was exported out of the source leaf blades. Of this translocated 14c , a smaller per cent (20~) was found in the apical region above the node of the source leaf and a higher per cent (45~) was recovered from the stem below the node and in the petiole (11~). The per cent of exported 14 C recovered from the root was unaffected by the radiation. Replacement of the shoot apex with 20 ppm IAA immediately following irradiation, only J partially increased the magnitude of translocation but did completely restore the pattern of distribution to that observed in the non-irradiated plants. From supplementary studies showing a radiationinduced reduction of photosynthetic rates in the source leaf and a reduction of the cumulative stem and leaf lengths in the apical sink region, the observed effects of radiation on the translocation process have been correlated to damage incurred by the source and sink regions. These data suggest that the reduction in the magnitude of translocation is the result of damage to both the source and sink regions rather than the phloem conducting tissue itself, whereas the change in the pattern of translocation is probably the result of a reduced rate of 14C-assimilate movement caused by a radiation-induced decrease of sink metabolism, especially the decrease in the metabolism of the apical sink.

Radiation-induced changes in the export of photoassimilated carbon /|nBarry Jess Shelp. -- 260 0 St. Catharines, [Ont. : s. n.],

Low levels of ionizing radiation induce two translocation responses in soybean: a reduction in photoassimilate export from leaves and a change in the distribution pattern of exported photoassimilate within the plant. In this investigation these responses have been further studied specifically to ascertain the site of radiation damage and to better understand the physiological responses observed. Experimentally the primary data was obtained from studies in which a mature trifoliate leaf of a young soybean plant (Glycine ~ L. cultivar Harosoy '63) is isolated in a closed transparent chamber and allowed to photoassimilate 14C02 for 15 minutes. This is followed by an additional 45 ~_il'1;ute period before the plant is sectl.o ne d an d 14 C-ra dl' oactl.v.l ty d eterml. ne d'l n a 11 parts. Such 14c data provides one with the magnitude and distribution pattern of translocation. Further analyses were conducted to determine the relative levels of the major photosynthetic products using the techniques of paper chromatography and autoradiography. Since differences between control and irradiated P 1 ants were not 0 b serve d l' n t h e par tl't"lo nlng 0 f 14 C between the 80% ethanol-soluble and -insoluble fractions 14 or in the relative amounts of C-products of photosynthesis, the reduction in export in irradiated plants is not likely due to reduced availability of translocatable materials. Data presented in this thesis shows that photoassimilate export was not affected by gamma radiation until a threshold dose between 2.0 and 3.0 krads was reached. It was also observed that radiation-induced damage to the export process was capable of recovery in a period of 1 to 2 hours provided high light intensity was supplied. In contrast, the distribution pattern was shown to be extremely radiosensitive with a low threshold dose between .25 and .49 krads. Although this process was also capable of recovery,lt" occurred much earlier and was followed by a secondary effect which lasted at least for the duration of the experiments. The data presented in this thesis is interpreted to suggest that the sites of radiation action for the two translocation responses are different. In regards to photoassimilate export, the site of action of ionizing radiation is the leaf, quite possibly the process of photophosphorylation which may provide energy directly for phloem loading and for membrane integrity of the phloem tissue* In regards to the pattern of distribution of exported photoassimilate, the site is likely the apical sink, possibly the result of changes of levels of endogenous hormones. By the selection of radiation exposure dose and time post-irradiation, it is possible to affect independently these two processes suggesting that each may be regulated independent of the other and involves a distinct site.

Water and electrolyte content and distribution in tissues of thermally-acclimated rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri

The primary objective of this investigation was that of providing a comprehensive tissue-by-tissue assessment of water-electrolyte status in thermally-acclimated rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri. To this end levels of water and the major ions, sodium, chloride and potassium were evaluated in the plasma, at three skeletal muscle sites, and in cardiac muscle, liver, spleen, gut and brain of animals acclimated to 2°, 10° and 18°C. The occurrence of possible seasonal variations in water-electrolyte balance was evaluated by sampling sununer and late fall-early winter populations of trout. On the basis of values for water and electrolyte content, estimates of extracellular and cellular phase volumes, cellular electrolyte concentrations and Nernst equilibrium potentials were made. Since accurate assessment of the extracellular phase volume is critical in the estimation of cellular electrolyte concentrations and parameters based on assumed cellular ion levels, [14 C]-polyethylene glycol-4000, which is assumed to be confined to the extracellular space, was employed to provide comparisons with various ion-defined spaces (H20~~s, H20~~/K and H20~~s). Subsequently, the ion-defined space yielding the most realistic estimate of extracellular phase volume for each tissue was used in cellular electrolyte calculations. Water and electrolyte content and distribution varied with temperature. Tissues, such as liver, spleen and brain appeared to be the most thermosensitive, whereas skeletal and cardiac muscle and gut tissue were less influenced. 'Summer' series trout appeared to be more capable of maintaining their water- electrolyte balance than the ~fall-winter' series animals. i The data are discussed in terms of their possible effect on maintenance of appropriate cellular metabolic and electrophysiological functions.

Hysteresis and avalanches in the random anisotropy Ising model

ches. The critical point is characterized by a set of critical exponents, which are consistent with the universal values proposed from the study of other simpler models.