Estudo sobre a resistência aos antimicrobianos em bactérias isoladas de pacientes hospitalizados (Botucatu, 1988-1992)

Since 1988 to 1992, a study about susceptibility to antimicrobial drugs of bacterias isolated from hospitalized patients was performed. The compared susceptibility to important drugs (ampicilin, cephalothin, cefoxitin, ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, aztreonam, gentamicin, amikacin, peftoxacin, ciprofloxacin, imipenem, oxacillin and vancomicin) was investigated in 1200 strains (300 of each specie) of the prevalent bacterias: E. coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and S. aureus. Minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined by agar dilution method, using from 0,05 to 256 mcg of each drug per ml of culture medium (Mueller-Hinton). Ranges of MIC, MIC 50%, MIC 90% and the proportion of resistant strains were determined and permited to know the 4 drugs that were found to be more active against bacterias; the CIM 90% values are: E. coli - aztreonam (0,1 mcg/ml), pefloxacin (0,1), ceftazidime (0,25) and ceftriaxone (0,05); K. pneumoniae - aztreonam (0,25), ceftriaxone (0,25), ceftazidime (0,5) and pefloxacin (2,0); P. aeruginosa - imipenem (4,0), aztreonam (16), ceftazidime (16) and ciprofloxacin (16); S. aureus - vancomicina (1,0), ciprofloxacin (8,0), arnicacina (128) and cephalothin (128 mg/ml). The better in vitro antibacterial activity observed was related to: aztreonam (77-100% of the sensitive strains), ceftazidime (50-99,7%), pefloxacin (73-99,7%), ciprofloxacin(80%), imipenem (93%) and vancomicin (100%).

Tipos de resistência a Alabama Argillacea (Huebner, 1818) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) envolvidos em genótipos de algodoeiro: II. Antibiose

Cotton genotypes resistance to Alabama argillacea (Huebner, 1818) due to antibiosis has been evaluated in laboratory trials (at 27 ± 2°C, 70 ± 10% relative humidity and 14 hours photoperiod). Six different genetic materials (T 1122-13-1, STO 285 N, JPM 157, T 953-13-4-2, CNPA 9211-21, and CNPA 9211-31) have been tested in a completely randomized experimental design, with ten replications, each one with ten larvae/genotype. Larvae have been supplied with leaves daily. The following variables have been scored: time length of several insect stages (from larvae to adult), average mass of larvae and pupae as well as average larval, pre-pupal and pupal mortality rates. All genotypes have revealed longer overall average time length of stage duration from larvae to adult, as compared to STO 285 N; however, CNPA 9211-31 and CNPA 9211-21 have shown the smallest average mass of pupae along with high frequencies of pre-pupae and larvae to adult mortalities. The results strongly suggest that antibiosis is one of the resistance mechanisms to A. argillacea in that two cotton genotypes.

Resistência ao Cisalhamento de um Latossolo sob Diferentes uso e Manejo

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Diagnóstico de uma área compactada por atividade minerária, na floresta amazônica, empregando métodos geoestatísticos à variável resistência mecânica à penetração do solo

A quite common problem in the recovery of degraded areas in the mineral exploration understands the compaction of the soil due to the intense traffic of machines and earth movement. The most common problem of the compaction of a degraded surface is: increase of the mechanical resistance to the penetration of the rooats, reduction of the aeration, alteration of the water flow and heat. Thus the present work had the basic objective of diagnosing the compaction of a degraded area by mining in a space way, through the mechanical resistance the way penetration to guide a future subsoiling in the place seeking recovery. Through the studies it was concluded that the kriging method in agreement with the space variation allows the division of the area studies in sub areas facilitating a future work to reduce cost and unnecessary interference to the atmosphere. The method was shown quite appropriate and it can be used in diagnosis of the compaction in a degraded area by mining, foreseeing subsoiling need.

Resistência à penetração de um solo em recuperação sob sistemas agrosilvopastoris

In the Research and Teaching Farm of the State University of São Paulo (UNESP) - Campus of Ilha Solteira, located in Selviria, in Mato Grosso do Sul State, a study was conducted with the objective of investigating the resistance to penetration of a highly degraded soil due to construction of a Hydroelectric Power Plant. The experimental design was a completely randomized, with five treatments and five replications. The treatments were constituted of the following uses and managements: area in advanced state of degradation; area under regeneration cultivated 13 years with Pinus; area under regeneration cultivated 11 years with green manure and pasture; degraded area with natural regeneration; and area with natural vegetation (savanna). The system where the area was under regeneration with Pinus cultivation and the niches with natural regeneration were the closest to natural condition (savanna). Except for the natural area (savanna), all others presented a higher resistance to penetration in the layer of 0.20-0.40 m, which represents serious limitations for growth of plant roots.

Correlação da produtividade do feijão com a resistência à penetração do solo sob plantio direto

The soil mechanical resistance to penetration (PR) has great influence on vegetative development as the root growth and the crop productivity change in inverse proportion. Thus, the objective of this research was to study correlation between the bean grain productivity and the PR in an Oxisol cultivated for four years in no-tillage system at FEIS/UNESP. The attributes PR and yield were determined in a regular grid with 119 sample points. The PR was determined in the layers of 0-0.05, 0.05-0.10, 0.10-0.15, 0.15-0.20 and 0.25-0.30 m. The results were submitted to procedures of descriptive statistics, linear correlation and geostatistic analysis. The linear correlation between the yield and PR was practically null, as in all soil layers investigated it showed determination coefficients (R2) smaller than 0.03 and not significant. The geostatistic analysis showed moderate structure of spatial dependency for PR in the layers of 0.05-0.10 and 0.10-0.15 m, and strong for yield; however, the conjugate spatial analysis of such attributes showed no correlation, therefore, the spatial variability of PR did not influence the yield.

Condutividade hidráulica e resistência à penetraçao do solo influenciada por diferentes sistemas de manejo

Soil management measures that increase the efficiency of organic matter cycling and maintain favorable soil structure are needed for improving soil quality. On the other hand, soil structure degradation due to inadequate soil management systems is widespread. Among the indicators of soil physical quality, saturated hydraulic conductivity and penetration resistance are thought to be sensitive to soil management system. The aim of this work was to study the influence of soil tillage system and organic fertilization on selected soil physical properties after the first year of treatment. The field work was conducted in Selviria, MS, Brazil on an Oxisol. The experimental design was randomized complete blocks with split-plots, with 12 treatments and 4 repetitions. Tillage treatments included conventional ploughing (CT) and direct drilling (DD). Fertilizer treatments were: 1) manure, 2) manure plus mineral, 3) traditional mineral 4) plant residues of Crotalaria juncea, 5) plant residues of Pennisetum americanum and 6) control plot. The plots were cropped to bean in winter and to cotton in summer, and both cultures were irrigated. After one year no significant differences between treatments in mechanical resistance and porosity were found. However, saturated hydraulic conductivity and infiltration were higher in the conventional tillage treatment at the 0.00-0.10 m depth. Moreover, an improvement in soil physical condition by organic fertilizers was shown.