Pk-yrityksen muutostilanne organisaation kehittämisen näkökulmasta

Työssä tarkasteltiin nuoren pk-yrityksen muutostilannetta, joka aiheutui liiketoiminnan nopeasta kasvusta. Tavoitteena oli selvittää, kuinka yrityksen toimintaa voidaan sopeuttaa muutostilanteeseen organisaation oppimisen avulla. Tutkielman teoriaosuudessa tarkasteltiin muutoksen kausaalisuhteita organisaatiossa. Ajallinen tekijä huomioitiin elinkaarimallin avulla. Lisäksi käytiin läpi niitä käsitteitä ja lainalaisuuksia, jotka liittyvät organisaation toiminnan kehittämiseen yrityskulttuurin ja oppimisen kannalta. Tutkielman empiriaosassa tarkasteltiin viitekehyksen soveltuvuutta käytäntöön analysoimalla case-yrityksen toimintaa. Aineistona käytettiin aihealueen teoksia, internet-lähteitä sekä yritysjohdon haastatteluja. Yrityksen kasvu ja kriisit voidaan nähdä organisaatiomuutoksen laukaisimiksi. Muutosprosessi käynnistyy, kun toiminnassa havaitaan eroa nykyisen ja tavoitetilan välillä, jolloin organisaatio hahmottaa itsensä uudella tavalla osana ympäristöä.Tavoitteena on ajattelu- ja toimintatavan muutos, jolloin vuorovaikutus lisääntyy ja valtaa sekä vastuuta jaetaan organisaation muille toimijoille (nk. empowerment). Yrityksellä on nopean kasvun tilanteessa varsin rajalliset keinot sopeuttaa toimintaansa. Pääasiassa tämä johtuu siitä, että osaamisen kehittäminen on pitkäjänteistä toimintaa, eivätkä pikakorjaukset välttämättä johda pysyvään muutokseen. Yrityksen olemassa olevien resurssien pohjalta voidaankuitenkin sopeuttaa toimintaa lyhyelläkin aikajänteellä kollektiivisesti mm. työssä oppimisen sekä tiimityöskentelyn avulla. Pitkällä tähtäimellä tulee pyrkiä osaamisen suunnitelmalliseen kehittämiseen sekä toiminnan jatkuvaan parantamiseen. Suotuisan infrastruktuurin avulla voidaan luoda paremmat edellytykset organisaation kehittämiselle. Organisaation jäsenillä tulee olla yhteinen näkemys tavoitteista ja keinoista.

Immunociblage des tumeurs: situation et perspectives en 2000

Following 15 years of experimental studies, tumor immunotargeting using monoclonal antibodies directed against tumor associated antigens shows now important monoclonal antibodies directed against tumor associated antigens shows now important clinical developments. This is mainly due to encouraging therapeutic results which have obtained using humanized antibodies such as the anti-CD20 rituximab in follicular B lymphomas and the anti-DrbB2 herceptin in breast carcinomas. Thanks to genetic engineering it is possible to graft variable or hypervariable regions from murine antibodies to human IgG, and even to obtain fully human antibodies by using either transgenic mice containing a large part of the human repertoire of human IgG, or selection of human antibody fragments expressed by phages. Radiolabeling of antibodies played a major role to demonstrate the tumor immunotargeting specificity and remains attractive for the diagnosis by immunoscintigraphy as well as for the treatment by radioimmunotherapy of some cancers. In this review, the current results and the prospects of diagnostic and therapeutic uses of anti-tumor antibodies and their fragments will be described. Concerning diagnosis, 123-iodine or 99m-technetium labeled Fab fragments allowed very demonstrative tumor images but this technique has a limited effect upon the therapeutic attitude. Immuno-PET (positron emission tomography) could enhance the sensitivity of this imaging method. Radio-immunoguided surgery and immunophotodetection are attractive techniques still under evaluation. Concerning therapy, 131-iodine labeled anti-CD20 antibodies gave spectacular results in non-Hodgkin's B lymphomas. In solid tumors which as less radiosensitive, radioimmunotherapy could concern small tumors and need the use of two-steps targeting and/or alpha emitters radioisotopes. Some other strategies will be described such as bispecific antibodies directed against tumors and immune effector cells, some antibody fragments expressed on T cells called T-bodies or some biological studies using intrabodies. Published data and works in progress demonstrate that immunotargeting of tumors will have a growing place in the treatments of cancer patients.

Análisis de necesidades en formación intercultural en la Administración Pública

The multicultural nature of our society requests new professional requirements at the Public Administration. There are news users that present specifics needs and conditions provoked by the legal situation and cultural origin. The research has two aims: 1) The assessment of Intercultural Competencies of the public employees of el Servicio de Empleo de Cataluña and 2) The design of a training program for the development of this competencies. The scope where are more needed this competencies are the capacity to solve intercultural problems, the intercultural communication, the knowledge of cultures and the migratory phenomena, and the role played by thestereotypes and the bias

Persisting atypical and cystic forms of Borrelia burgdorferi and local inflammation in Lyme neuroborreliosis

BACKGROUND: The long latent stage seen in syphilis, followed by chronic central nervous system infection and inflammation, can be explained by the persistence of atypical cystic and granular forms of Treponema pallidum. We investigated whether a similar situation may occur in Lyme neuroborreliosis. METHOD: Atypical forms of Borrelia burgdorferi spirochetes were induced exposing cultures of Borrelia burgdorferi (strains B31 and ADB1) to such unfavorable conditions as osmotic and heat shock, and exposure to the binding agents Thioflavin S and Congo red. We also analyzed whether these forms may be induced in vitro, following infection of primary chicken and rat neurons, as well as rat and human astrocytes. We further analyzed whether atypical forms similar to those induced in vitro may also occur in vivo, in brains of three patients with Lyme neuroborreliosis. We used immunohistochemical methods to detect evidence of neuroinflammation in the form of reactive microglia and astrocytes. RESULTS: Under these conditions we observed atypical cystic, rolled and granular forms of these spirochetes. We characterized these abnormal forms by histochemical, immunohistochemical, dark field and atomic force microscopy (AFM) methods. The atypical and cystic forms found in the brains of three patients with neuropathologically confirmed Lyme neuroborreliosis were identical to those induced in vitro. We also observed nuclear fragmentation of the infected astrocytes using the TUNEL method. Abundant HLA-DR positive microglia and GFAP positive reactive astrocytes were present in the cerebral cortex. CONCLUSION: The results indicate that atypical extra- and intracellular pleomorphic and cystic forms of Borrelia burgdorferi and local neuroinflammation occur in the brain in chronic Lyme neuroborreliosis. The persistence of these more resistant spirochete forms, and their intracellular location in neurons and glial cells, may explain the long latent stage and persistence of Borrelia infection. The results also suggest that Borrelia burgdorferi may induce cellular dysfunction and apoptosis. The detection and recognition of atypical, cystic and granular forms in infected tissues is essential for the diagnosis and the treatment as they can occur in the absence of the typical spiral Borrelia form.