Future prospects of short distance rail based passenger transport in Northern Europe

The worlds’ population is increasing and cities have become more crowded with people and vehicles. Communities in the fringe of metropolitans’ increase the traffic done with private cars, but also increase the need for public transportation. People have typically needs traveling to work located in city centers during the morning time, and return to suburbs in the afternoon or evening. Rail based passenger transport is environmentally friendly transport mode with high capacity to transport large volume of people. Railways have been regulated markets with national incumbent having monopoly position. Opening the market for competition is believed to have a positive effect by increasing the efficiency of the industry. National passenger railway market is opened for competition only in few countries, where as international traffic in EU countries was deregulated in 2010. The objective of this study is to examine the passenger railway market of three North European countries, Sweden, Denmark and Estonia. The interest was also to get an understanding of the current situation and how the deregulation has proceeded. Theory of deregulation is unfolded with literature analyses and empirical part of the study is constructed from two parts. Customer satisfaction survey was chosen as a method to collect real life experiences from the passengers and measure their knowledge of the market situation and possible changes appeared. Interviews of experts from the industry and labor unions give more insights and able better understanding for example of social consequences caused from opening the market for competition. Expert interviews were conducted by using semi-structured theme interview. Based on the results of this study, deregulation has proceeded quite differently in the three countries researched. Sweden is the most advanced country, where the passenger railway market is open for new entrants. Denmark and Estonia are lagging behind. Opening the market is considered positive among passengers and most of the experts interviewed. Common for the interviews were the labour unions negative perspective concerning deregulation. Despite the fact deregulation is considered positive among the respondents of the customer satisfaction survey, they could not name railway undertakings operating in their country. Generally respondents were satisfied with the commuter trains. Ticket price, punctuality of trains and itinerary affect the most to customer satisfaction.

Desempenho de lisímetro de pesagem hidráulica de baixo custo no semi-árido nordestino

Medidas diretas de evapotranspiração de referência são importantes na avaliação e na calibração de métodos indiretos. Avaliou-se o desempenho de lisímetro de pesagem hidráulica de baixo custo, visando à determinação direta da evapotranspiração de referência (ETo), em área de assentamento rural no Semi-Árido nordestino. O lisímetro é de concepção simplificada, com travesseiros hidráulicos confeccionados com mangueira flexível de butil e revestida em náilon, interligados a um sistema manométrico com mercúrio e água. O equilíbrio do lisímetro foi estável, sendo o maior erro médio posicional de 3,93%. As calibrações geraram coeficientes de correlação superiores a 0,9993 e resoluções de leituras entre 0,095 e 0,134 mm. As leituras lisimétricas foram comparadas com estimativas da ETo obtidas, utilizando-se dos métodos de Penman-Monteith, Blaney-Criddle-FAO, Jensen-Haise e do Tanque Classe A-FAO. Adicionalmente, avaliou-se o desempenho de um tanque evaporimétrico simplificado, construído a partir de material reciclado, o qual vem sendo utilizado no manejo da irrigação em áreas de agricultura familiar. Todos os métodos analisados apresentaram bom desempenho, com medidas bem correlacionadas aàs do lisímetro, para o período estudado.