Paléoécologie d’une tourbière à pergélisol en dégradation du sud des Territoires du Nord-Ouest : implications pour le cycle du carbone

Les tourbières ont contribué à refroidir le climat terrestre pendant l’Holocène en accumulant un réservoir de carbone important. Dans la forêt boréale canadienne, les sols gelés en permanence (pergélisols) sont répandus et ceux-ci sont principalement localisés dans les tourbières où ils forment des plateaux surélevés. Le dégel du pergélisol, causé entre autres par le réchauffement atmosphérique ou d’autres perturbations, provoque l’effondrement des plateaux et la saturation en eau du sol ce qui modifie entre autres le couvert végétal et le cycle du carbone. Les modélisations suggèrent que les latitudes nordiques seront les plus affectées par le réchauffement climatique alors qu’on y observe déjà un recul du couvert du pergélisol. Il est primordial de comprendre comment le dégel du pergélisol affecte la fonction de puits de carbone des tourbières puisque des rétroactions sur le climat sont possibles si une grande quantité de gaz à effet de serre est émise ou séquestrée. J’utilise une chronoséquence représentant le temps depuis le dégel d’un plateau de pergélisol des Territoires du Nord-Ouest pour comprendre les facteurs influençant l’aggradation et la dégradation du pergélisol dans les tourbières et évaluer l’effet du dégel sur l’accumulation de carbone et la préservation du carbone déjà accumulé. Les taux d’accumulation de carbone associés à la présence de pergélisol dans le passé et au présent sont lents, et la tourbe est moins décomposée dans les secteurs ayant été affectés plus longtemps par le pergélisol. En somme, le pergélisol réduit l’accumulation de carbone en surface mais permet une meilleure préservation du carbone déjà accumulé.

Plant-mediated effects on microbial diversity in mesocosms of an oligotrophic bog

Globally, peatlands occupy a small portion of terrestrial land area but contain up to one-third of all soil organic carbon. This carbon pool is vulnerable to increased decomposition under projected climate change scenarios but little is known about how plant functional groups will influence microbial communities responsible for regulating carbon cycling processes. Here we examined initial shifts in microbial community structure within two sampling depths under plant functional group manipulations in mesocosms of an oligotrophic bog. Microbial community composition for bacteria and archaea was characterized using targeted 16S rRNA Illumina gene sequencing. We found statistically distinct spatial patterns between the more shallow 10-20 cm sampling depth and the deeper 30-40 cm depth. Significant effects by plant functional groups were found only within the 10-20 cm depth, indicating plant-mediated microbial community shifts respond more quickly near the peat surface. Specifically, the relative abundance of Acidobacteria decreased under ericaceous shrub treatments in the 10-20 cm depth and was replaced by increased abundance of Gammaproteobacteria and Bacteroidetes. In contrast, the sedge rhizosphere continued to be dominated by Acidobacteria but also promoted an increase in the relative recovery of Alphaproteobacteria and Verrucomicrobia. These initial results suggest microbial communities under ericaceous shrubs may be limited by anaerobic soil conditions accompanying high water table conditions, while sedge aerenchyma may be promoting aerobic taxa in the upper peat rhizosphere regardless of ambient soil oxygen limitations.

Influence of Vegetation Removal and Altering Water Levels on CO2 Flux Rates of a Northern Bog

Boreal peatlands contain approximately one third of the global soil carbon and are considered net sinks of atmospheric CO2. Water level position is one of the main regulators of CO2 fluxes in northern peatlands because it controls both the thickness of the aerobic layer in peat and plant communities. However, little is known about the role of different plant functional groups and their possible interaction with changing water level in boreal peatlands with regard to CO2 cycling. Climate change may also accelerate changes in hydrological conditions, changing both aerobic conditions and plant communities. To help answer these questions, this study was conducted at a mesocosm facility in Northern Michigan where the aim was to experimentally study the effects of water levels, plant functional groups (sedges, shrubs and mosses) and the possible interaction of these on the CO2 cycle of a boreal peatland ecosystem. The results indicate that Ericaceous shrubs are important in the boreal peatland CO2 cycle. The removal of these plants decreased ecosystem respiration, gross ecosystem production and net ecosystem exchange rates, whereas removing sedges did not show any significant differences in the flux rates. The water level did not significantly affect the flux rates. The amount of aboveground sedge biomass was higher in the low water level sedge treatment plots compared to the high water level sedge plots, possibly because the lowered water level and the removal of Ericaceae released nutrients for sedges to use up.

Paléoécologie d’une tourbière à pergélisol en dégradation du sud des Territoires du Nord-Ouest : implications pour le cycle du carbone

Les tourbières ont contribué à refroidir le climat terrestre pendant l’Holocène en accumulant un réservoir de carbone important. Dans la forêt boréale canadienne, les sols gelés en permanence (pergélisols) sont répandus et ceux-ci sont principalement localisés dans les tourbières où ils forment des plateaux surélevés. Le dégel du pergélisol, causé entre autres par le réchauffement atmosphérique ou d’autres perturbations, provoque l’effondrement des plateaux et la saturation en eau du sol ce qui modifie entre autres le couvert végétal et le cycle du carbone. Les modélisations suggèrent que les latitudes nordiques seront les plus affectées par le réchauffement climatique alors qu’on y observe déjà un recul du couvert du pergélisol. Il est primordial de comprendre comment le dégel du pergélisol affecte la fonction de puits de carbone des tourbières puisque des rétroactions sur le climat sont possibles si une grande quantité de gaz à effet de serre est émise ou séquestrée. J’utilise une chronoséquence représentant le temps depuis le dégel d’un plateau de pergélisol des Territoires du Nord-Ouest pour comprendre les facteurs influençant l’aggradation et la dégradation du pergélisol dans les tourbières et évaluer l’effet du dégel sur l’accumulation de carbone et la préservation du carbone déjà accumulé. Les taux d’accumulation de carbone associés à la présence de pergélisol dans le passé et au présent sont lents, et la tourbe est moins décomposée dans les secteurs ayant été affectés plus longtemps par le pergélisol. En somme, le pergélisol réduit l’accumulation de carbone en surface mais permet une meilleure préservation du carbone déjà accumulé.

Abrupt late Pleistocene ecological and climate change on Tahiti (French Polynesia)

Aim: To reconstruct ecological changes from the fossil record of a unique wetland on the tropical oceanic island of Tahiti, between 44.5 and 38 cal. kyr bp. Location: Vaifanaura'amo'ora, Tamanu Plateau, Punaru'u Valley, Tahiti, Society Islands, French Polynesia (17°38'S, 149°32'50″E). Methods: Fossil pollen, spores, seeds, diatoms and invertebrates were examined from a 3.7 m core consisting of Pleistocene-aged algal sediment overlain by late Holocene peat. Results: Between 44.5 and 41.5 cal. kyr bp, Ficus trees, sub-shrubs including Sigesbeckia orientalis L., the C4 grass species Paspalum vaginatum Sw., and extinct Pritchardia palms dominated the Vaifanaura'amo'ora wetland. This vegetation association is no longer present in the tropical oceanic Pacific islands. After 41.5 cal. kyr bp, the climate rapidly became drier and cooler with grasses, sedges and ferns dominating the vegetation. Algal sediment accumulation ceased after 38 cal. kyr bp due to prolonged dry climate conditions recorded across the Pacific Ocean. Sediment accumulation recommenced in the late Holocene. Main conclusions: The ecological responses identified from Tahiti provide evidence counter to the prevailing view that the tropical oceans buffered the ecological effects of abrupt climate changes during the last glacial period.

Environmental sensing with the Internet of Things

Abstract: After developing many sensor networks using custom protocols to save energy and minimise code complexity - we have now experimented with standards-based designs. These use IPv6 (6LowPAN), RPL routing, Coap for interfaces and data access and protocol buffers for data encapsulation. Deployments in the Cairngorm mountains have shown the capabilities and limitations of the implementations. This seminar will outline the hardware and software we used and discuss the advantages of the more standards-based approach. At the same time we have been progressing with high quality imaging of cultural heritage using the RTIdomes - so some results and designs will be shown as well. So this seminar will cover peat-bogs to museums, binary-HTTP-like REST to 3500 year old documents written on clay.

Effects of substrate type on plant growth and nitrogen and nitrate concentration in spinach

Abstract The effects of three commercial substrates (a mixture of forest residues, composted grape husks, and white peat, black peat and coir) on plant growth and nitrogen (N) and nitrate (NO3) concentration and content were evaluated in spinach (Spinacia oleracea L. cv. Tapir). Spinach seedlings were transplanted at 45 days after emergence into Styrofoam boxes filled with the substrates and were grown during winter and early spring in an unheated greenhouse with no supplemental lighting. Each planting box was irrigated daily by drip and fertilized with a complete nutrient solution. The NO3 content of the drainage water was lower in coir than in the other substrates. However, shoot NO3 concentration was not affected by substrate type, while yield and total shoot N and NO3 content were greater when plants were grown in peat than in the mixed substrate or the coir. Leaf chlorophyll meter readings provided a good indication of the amount of N in the plants and increased linearly with total shoot N. Keywords Spinacia oleracea; chlorophyll meter; coir; peat; soilless culture systems

Effects of substrate type on plant growth and nitrogen and nitrate concentration in spinach.

The effects of three commercial substrates (a mixture of forest residues, composted grape husks, and white peat, black peat and coir) on plant growth and nitrogen (N) and nitrate (NO3) concentration and content were evaluated in spinach (Spinacia oleracea L. cv. Tapir). Spinach seedlings were transplanted at 45 days after emergence into Styrofoam boxes filled with the substrates and were grown during winter and early spring in an unheated greenhouse with no supplemental lighting. Each planting box was irrigated daily by drip and fertilized with a complete nutrient solution. The NO3 content of the drainage water was lower in coir than in the other substrates. However, shoot NO3 concentration was not affected by substrate type, while yield and total shoot N and NO3 content were greater when plants were grown in peat than in the mixed substrate or the coir. Leaf chlorophyll meter readings provided a good indication of the amount of N in the plants and increased linearly with total shoot N.