Niobium and rare earth minerals from the Virulundo carbonatite, Namibe, Angola

The Virulundo carbonatite in Angola, one of the biggest in the world, contains pyrochlore as an accessory mineral in all of the carbonatite units (calciocarbonatites, ferrocarbonatites, carbonatite breccias, trachytoids). The composition of the primary pyrochlore crystals is very close to fluornatrocalciopyrochlore in all these units. High-temperature hydrothermal processes caused the pseudomorphic replacement of the above crystals by a second generation of pyrochlore, characterized by lower F and Na contents. Low-temperature hydrothermal replacement of the above pyrochlores, associated with production of quartz-carbonates-fluorite veins, controled the development of a third generation of pyrochlore, characterized by high Sr contents. Finally, supergene processes produced the development of a secondary paragenesis in the carbonatite, consisting in late carbonates, goethite, hollandite and REE minerals (mainly synchysite-(Ce), britholite-(Ce), britholite-(La), cerite-(Ce)). Separation of Ce from the other REE was allowed by oxidizing conditions. Therefore, Ce4+ was also incorporated into a late generation of pyrochlore, which is also strongly enriched in Ba and strongly depleted in Ca and Na

Protective effect of divalent cations against aluminum toxicity in soybean

A large proportion of soybean fields in Brazil are currently cultivated in the Cerrado region, where the area planted with this crop is growing considerably every year. Soybean cultivation in acid soils is also increasing worldwide. Since the levels of toxic aluminum (Al) in these acid soils is usually high it is important to understand how cations can reduce Al rhizotoxicity in soybean. In the present study we evaluated the ameliorative effect of nine divalent cations (Ca, Mg, Mn, Sr, Sn, Cu, Zn, Co and Ba) in solution culture on Al rhizotoxicity in soybean. The growth benefit of Ca and Mg to plants in an acid Inceptisol was also evaluated. In this experiment soil exchangeable Ca:Mg ratios were adjusted to reach 10 and 60 % base saturation, controlled by different amounts of CaCl2 or MgCl2 (at proportions from 100:0 up to 0:100), without altering the soil pH level. The low (10 %) and adequate (60 %) base saturation were used to examine how plant roots respond to Al at distinct (Ca + Mg)/Al ratios, as if they were growing in soils with distinct acidity levels. Negative and positive control treatments consisted of absence (under native soil or undisturbed conditions) or presence of lime (CaCO3) to reach 10 and 60 % base saturation, respectively. It was observed that in the absence of Aluminum, Cu, Zn, Co and Sn were toxic even at a low concentration (25 µmol L-1), while the effect of Mn, Ba, Sr and Mg was positive or absent on soybean root elongation when used in concentrations up to 100 µmol L-1. At a level of 10 µmol L-1 Al, root growth was only reverted to the level of control plants by the Mg treatment. Higher Tin doses led to a small alleviation of Al rhizotoxicity, while the other cations reduced root growth or had no effect. This is an indication that the Mg effect is ion-specific and not associated to an electrostatic protection mechanism only, since all ions were divalent and used at low concentrations. An increased exchangeable Ca:Mg ratio (at constant soil pH) in the acid soil almost doubled the soybean shoot and root dry matter even though treatments did not modify soil pH and exchangeable Al3+. This indicates a more efficient alleviation of Al toxicity by Mg2+ than by Ca2+. The reason for the positive response to Mg2+ was not the supply of a deficient nutrient because CaCO3 increased soybean growth by increasing soil pH without inducing Mg2+ deficiency. Both in hydroponics and acid soil, the reduction in Al toxicity was accompanied by a lower Al accumulation in plant tissue, suggesting a competitive cation absorption and/or exclusion of Al from plant tissue stimulated by an Mg-induced physiological mechanism.

Características físicas e carbono orgânico de solos sob diferentes tipos de uso da terra

Na Bacia Hidrográfica Água Fria, em Barra do Choça (BA), o desenvolvimento da lavoura cafeeira e da pastagem tem sido feito mediante a supressão da vegetação nativa, inclusive em áreas de proteção ambiental. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os atributos físicos: granulometria, argila dispersa em água, grau de floculação, diâmetro médio ponderado e índice de estabilidade de agregados e C orgânico dos solos submetidos a diferentes tipos de uso da terra na referida bacia. Para as amostragens, foram selecionadas seis glebas: duas de café (cultivo mecanizado e não mecanizado), duas de pastagens e duas de matas nativas, empregadas como referência. Constatou-se que o uso da terra diminuiu a estabilidade de agregados, evidenciada pela redução no diâmetro médio ponderado, pelo aumento dos agregados de menor tamanho e pelos menores teores de C orgânico na seqüência mata-pastagem-cafezal.

Genesis of the sombric horizon in ultisols (red argisols) in southern Santa Catarina, Brazil

Dark subsurface horizons, with properties similar to the sombric horizon characterized by the USA Soil Taxonomy, are frequent in Southern Brazil. The genesis of this horizon is controversial and poorly understood. This study aimed to describe the occurrence of sombric-like horizons in Ultisols in the South of Santa Catarina State, at low altitudes, and suggest possible processes of humus transference, accumulation and persistence in these horizons. Physical, chemical and mineralogical properties of four Ultisols were evaluated; three were sampled in a toposequence, and another representative one in an isolated profile (RSP). The dark subsurface horizons coincide with the AB and BA transitional genetic horizons; they are acid, low in base saturation, and have a similar clay mineralogy in all horizons. Very high amounts of Fe and Al extracted by ammonium oxalate and sodium pyrophosphate solution as well as maximum Al extracted by CuCl2 solution were observed in these dark subsurface horizons, indicating a possible migration of these elements in the form of organometallic complexes. The contents of Al plus ½ Fe extracted from the RSP soil horizons with ammonium oxalate indicated spodic materials in the sombric-like horizon, although the soil morphology was not compatible with Spodosols. Maximum contents of fine clay were also found in the sombric-like horizon, suggesting Fe and Al migration as clay-humic substances. However, the hypothesis that sombric-like horizons in these soils are a relict feature of a grass paleovegetation, different from the current dense seasonal forest, should not be discarded but investigated in further studies.

Desenvolvimento de normas DRIS e CND e avaliação do estado nutricional da cultura do algodoeiro

Entre os vários métodos de avaliação do estado nutricional das plantas, encontram-se o DRIS e o CND, os quais têm como objetivo, entre outros, ordenar a limitação dos nutrientes na planta. Este trabalho teve como finalidade o desenvolvimento de normas DRIS e CND e a comparação dos diagnósticos realizados por esses métodos, ao avaliar lavouras comerciais de algodão, no município de São Desidério (BA). A base de dados foi constituída pelos teores totais de nutrientes de 65 amostras de folha completa e pela produtividade de algodão em caroço oriundo de talhões com média de 120 ha. Para ajuste do método, a população foi dividida em duas classes: uma com produtividade acima de 4.250 kg ha-1 e outra com produtividade abaixo desta. As melhores respostas em termos de produtividade foram proporcionadas pelo K, Ca e Mn, tanto pelo método DRIS quanto pelo CND. Avaliando a frequência de diagnoses concordantes quanto ao potencial de resposta positivo à adubação, constatou-se que o N (70,8 %) foi o nutriente em que se observou a menor concordância entre os dois métodos (DRIS e CND), no entanto, o método DRIS diagnosticou maior deficiência relativa para o N do que o CND. Quanto aos demais nutrientes avaliados, a frequência de diagnoses concordantes pelo potencial de resposta à adubação esteve em torno de 73,8 % para o Zn a 87,7 % para o P. Com o ajuste dos métodos DRIS e CND, chegou-se a diagnósticos semelhantes em relação ao estado nutricional da cultura do algodoeiro no oeste da Bahia.

Determinação de faixas normais de nutrientes no algodoeiro pelos métodos ChM, CND e Dris

O uso de métodos de diagnoses para determinação de faixas normais de nutrientes é uma prática eficiente por ser desenvolvida em regiões específicas, não sendo extrapolada para as demais regiões. Este trabalho teve como objetivo a determinação de faixas normais de nutrientes para o algodoeiro, mediante a utilização dos métodos Chance Matemática (ChM), Sistema Integrado de Diagnose e Recomendação (DRIS) e Diagnose da Composição Nutricional (CND). Foi realizado em lavouras comerciais de algodão, no ano agrícola de 2004/2005, no município de São Desidério (BA). Utilizaram-se como base de dados os teores totais de nutrientes de 65 amostras de folha completa e a produtividade de algodão em caroço oriundo de talhões com média de 120 ha. Para ajuste do método, a população foi dividida em duas classes: uma com produtividade acima de 4.250 kg ha-1 e outra com produtividade abaixo desta . Os maiores valores de ChM para o N foram obtidos nas classes 3 e 5 (32,0 a 35,5 g kg-1). Esses valores concordam com os obtidos pelos métodos DRIS (32,7 a 35,4 g kg-1) e CND (32,8 a 35,4 g kg-1). Os maiores valores de ChM para obtenção de produtividades maiores que 4.250 kg ha-1 para o P foram observados na classe 3: entre 2,3 e 2,6 g kg-1. Com relação ao K, as classes que apresentaram os maiores valores de Chance Matemática foram 14,6 a 21,2 g kg-1. A utilização dos métodos DRIS, CND e ChM, em lavouras comerciais em geral, possibilitou a obtenção de menor amplitude da faixa normal dos nutrientes, em comparação com os valores obtidos pelos métodos convencionais, nível crítico e faixa de suficiência, encontrados na literatura.

Genesis and classification of Oxisols in a highland toposequence of the upper Jequitinhonha Valley (MG)

The Brazilian System of Soil Classification (SiBCS) is a taxonomic system, open and in permanent construction, as new knowledge on Brazilian soils is obtained. The objective of this study was to characterize the chemical, physical, morphological, micro-morphological and mineralogical properties of four pedons of Oxisols in a highland toposequence in the upper Jequitinhonha Valley, emphasizing aspects of their genesis, classification and landscape development. The pedons occupy the following slope positions: summit - Red Oxisol (LV), mid slope (upper third) - Yellow-Red Oxisol (LVA), lower slope (middle third)- Yellow Oxisol (LA) and bottom of the valley (lowest third) - "Gray Oxisol" ("LAC"). These pedons were described and sampled for characterization in chemical and physical routine analyses. The total Fe, Al and Mn contents were determined by sulfuric attack and the Fe, Al and Mn oxides in dithionite-citrate-bicarbonate and oxalate extraction. The mineralogy of silicate clays was identified by X ray diffraction and the Fe oxides were detected by differential X ray diffraction. Total Ti, Ga and Zr contents were determined by X ray fluorescence spectrometry. The "LAC" is gray-colored and contains significant fragments of structure units in the form of a dense paste, characteristic of a gleysoil, in the horizons A and BA. All pedons are very clayey, dystrophic and have low contents of available P and a pH of around 5. The soil color was related to the Fe oxide content, which decreased along the slope. The decrease of crystalline and low- crystalline Fe along the slope confirmed the loss of Fe from the "LAC". Total Si increased along the slope and total Al remained constant. The clay fraction in all pedons was dominated by kaolinite and gibbsite. Hematite and goethite were identified in LV, low-intensity hematite and goethite in LVA, goethite in LA. In the "LAC", no hematite peaks and goethite were detected by differential X ray diffraction. The micro-morphology indicated prevalence of granular microstructure and porosity with complex stacking patterns.. The soil properties in the toposequence converged to a single soil class, the Oxisols, derived from the same source material. The landscape evolution and genesis of Oxisols of the highlands in the upper Jequitinhonha Valley are related to the evolution of the drainage system and the activity of excavating fauna.

Relação umidade versus resistência à penetração para um argissolo amarelo distrocoeso no recôncavo da Bahia

A resistência do solo à penetração é considerada a propriedade mais adequada para expressar o grau de compactação do solo e, consequentemente, a facilidade que este oferece à penetração das raízes. Por isso, sua quantificação representa um importante indicativo da dinâmica de crescimento e desenvolvimento do sistema radicular das plantas. O objetivo deste trabalho foi caracterizar a relação entre a umidade do solo e a resistência à penetração em um Argissolo Amarelo distrocoeso na região do Recôncavo da Bahia. O estudo foi realizado no município de Governador Mangabeira - BA, em um pomar comercial de laranja 'Pêra' (Citrus sinensis Osb.) sob porta-enxerto de limão-cravo (Citrus limonia Osbeck) cultivado com feijão-de-porco (Canavalia ensiformis L.). As avaliações foram realizadas entre junho e dezembro de 2008, com um penetrômetro de impacto modelo Stoff (1991), e a amostragem do solo, em duas profundidades: 0,0-0,20 e 0,20-0,40 m, nas entrelinhas da cultura. Para caracterização da relação umidade do solo versus resistência à penetração de raízes, realizou-se a avaliação estatística descritiva e testaram-se quatro modelos de ajuste: dois exponenciais e dois potenciais. Os resultados demonstram que a resistência à penetração do solo apresentou distribuição diferente da normal e elevado coeficiente de variação, assim como os modelos matemáticos testados mostraram bom ajuste; o modelo exponencial foi o que apresentou os melhores índices de aferição para a relação umidade do solo versus resistência à penetração.

Whole-exome sequencing identifies mutations in GPR179 leading to autosomal-recessive complete congenital stationary night blindness.

Congenital stationary night blindness (CSNB) is a heterogeneous retinal disorder characterized by visual impairment under low light conditions. This disorder is due to a signal transmission defect from rod photoreceptors to adjacent bipolar cells in the retina. Two forms can be distinguished clinically, complete CSNB (cCSNB) or incomplete CSNB; the two forms are distinguished on the basis of the affected signaling pathway. Mutations in NYX, GRM6, and TRPM1, expressed in the outer plexiform layer (OPL) lead to disruption of the ON-bipolar cell response and have been seen in patients with cCSNB. Whole-exome sequencing in cCSNB patients lacking mutations in the known genes led to the identification of a homozygous missense mutation (c.1807C>T [p.His603Tyr]) in one consanguineous autosomal-recessive cCSNB family and a homozygous frameshift mutation in GPR179 (c.278delC [p.Pro93Glnfs(∗)57]) in a simplex male cCSNB patient. Additional screening with Sanger sequencing of 40 patients identified three other cCSNB patients harboring additional allelic mutations in GPR179. Although, immunhistological studies revealed Gpr179 in the OPL in wild-type mouse retina, Gpr179 did not colocalize with specific ON-bipolar markers. Interestingly, Gpr179 was highly concentrated in horizontal cells and Müller cell endfeet. The involvement of these cells in cCSNB and the specific function of GPR179 remain to be elucidated.