Influence of the blood meal source on the biology of Meccus picturatus Usinger 1939 (Hemiptera: Reduviidae: Triatominae) under laboratory conditions

Aspects related to hatching, time-lapse between presenting the blood meal and beginning of feeding, feeding time, postfeed defecation delay,life time, mortality and fecundity for each stage of Meccus picturatus, life-cycle were evaluated and compared in two cohorts of M. picturatus fed on hens or rabbits. The hatching rate observed for each of the two studied groups of eggs was 78.1% (n = 2298) on the group fed on hens and 82.1% (n = 2704) on that fed on rabbits, and the average time of hatching was 20 days. Mean time-lapse for beginning feeding was under 3 min in nymphal stages and postfeed defecation delay was under 10 min in all stages, in both cohorts. Mean feeding time was significantly (P < 0.05) shorter in triatomines fed on hens than on rabbits. A similar number of nymphs of each cohort, 69 fed on hens (34.5%) and 68 fed on rabbits (34%), completed the cycle. No significantly (P > 0.05) differences were recorded among the average times from NI to adult in the cohort fed on hens (196.8 ± 15.8 days) and the average time in the cohort fed on rabbits (189.5 ± 22.9). The average span in days for each stage fed on hens was not significantly different to the average span for each stage fed on rabbits. The number of blood meals at each nymphal stage varied from 1 to 6 in both cohorts. The mortality rates were higher on fifth nymphal stage, in both cohorts. No significant (P > 0.05) differences were recorded on mortality rates on most nymphal stages of both cohorts. The average number of eggs laid per female from the cohort fed on hens in a 9-month period was 791.1, whereas the average number of eggs in the cohort fed on rabbits was 928.3.

Molluscicidal activity of Physalis angulata L. extracts and fractions on Biomphalaria tenagophila (d'Orbigny, 1835) under laboratory conditions

The main objective of this research is to evaluate the molluscicide activity of Physalis angulata L. Biomphalaria tenagophila specimens under laboratory conditions. Extracts and fractions were supplied by the Laboratório de Química de Produtos Naturais, Farmanguinhos-Fiocruz. Experiments were performed according to the methodology described by the World Health Organization for molluscicide tests using the concentrations from 0.1 to 500 mg/l of the extracts, fractions and of a pool of physalins modified steroids present in this species. The results show that ethyl acetate and acetone extracts from the whole plant, the ethanolic extracts of the roots and the physalins pool from stems and leaves were active. Only the whole plant extracts were available in sufficient quantity for the determination of LD50 and LD90 values.

Improving care for people with long term conditions: 'at a glance' information sheets for healthcare professionals

The Department has produced a series of information sheets for doctors,nurses, those delivering personal health budgets, allied health professionals, health trainers and anyone supporting individuals with long term conditions. The information sheets cover a range of topics including care planning, care co-ordination, managing need and assessment of risk, motivating people to self care, goal setting and action planning and end of life care.Download information sheet 1: Personalised care planning (PDF, 2514K)Download information sheet 2: Personalised care planning diagram (PDF, 2213K)Download information sheet 3: Care co-ordination (PDF, 1967K.

End of life trajectories across conditions

The findings of Pinnock and colleagues’ study on the longitudinal perspectives of people with severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) have implications for other non-malignant conditions.To read the 'BMJ' news article in full.

Feeding, defecation, and development times of Meccus longipennis Usinger, 1939 (Hemiptera: Reduviidae: Triatominae) under laboratory conditions

Aspects related to hatching, time-lapse between presenting the blood-meal and beginning of feeding, feeding time, postfeed defecation delay, mortality, and fecundity for each stage of Meccus longipennis life-cycle were evaluated. The bugs were maintained in a dark incubator at 27 ± 1ºC and 80 ± 5% rh, were fed weekly and checked daily for ecdysis or death. The hatching rate observed for 300 eggs was 76.7% and the average time of hatching was 19.8 days. Mean time-lapse between presentation of the blood meal and the beginning of feeding was under 5 min in nymphal stages and postfeed defecation delay was under 10 min in most stages, except in fourth and fifth stages. Mean feeding time was longer than 10 min in most stages, except in fourth stage. One hundred thirty-one nymphs (N) (65.5%) completed the cycle and the average time from NI to adult was 192.6 ± 34.8 days. The average span in days for each stage was 18.1 for NI, 21.4 for NII, 29.5 for NIII, 45.5 for NIV and 55.9 for NV. The number of bloodmeals at each nymphal stage varied from 1 to 5. The mortality rate was 3.29 for NI, 6.8 for NII, 2.92 for NIII 3.76 for NIV, and 10.16 for NV nymphs. The average number of eggs laid per female in a 9-month period was 615.6. Based on our results, we conclude that M. longipennis has some biological and behavioral characteristics which influence its capacity of becoming infected and transmitting Trypanosoma cruzi to human populations in those areas of Mexico where it is currently present.

Identification of small RNAs in Pseudomonas species

Summary: Bacterial small RNAs (sRNAs) are transcripts most of which have regulatory functions. Sequence and secondary structure elements enable numerous sRNAs to interact with mRNAs or with regulatory proteins resulting in diverse regulatory effects on virulence, iron storage, organization of cell envelope proteins or stress response. sRNAs having high affinity for RsmA-like RNA-binding proteins are important for posttranscriptional regulation in various Gram-negative bacteria. In Pseudomonas spp., the GacS/GacA two component system positively controls the production of such sRNAs. They titrate RsmA-like proteins and thus overcome translational repression due to these proteins. As a consequence, secondary metabolites can be produced that are implicated in the biocontrol capacity of P. fluorescens or in the virulence of P. aeruginosa. A genome-wide search carried out in P. aeruginosa PAO1 and in closely related Pseudomonas spp. resulted in the identification of 15 genes coding for sRNAs. Eight of these are novel, the remaining seven have previously been observed. Among them, the 1698 sRNA gene was expressed under GacA control, whereas the transcription of 1887 sRNA gene was transcribed under the control of the anaerobic regulator Anr in an oxygen-limited environment. Overexpression of 1698 sRNA in P. fluorescens strain CHAO did not affect the expression of the GacA-regulated hcnA gene (first gene of the operon coding for HCN synthase), indicating that 1698 sRNA is probably not part of the secondary metabolite regulation pathway. The expression of 1698 sRNA was positively regulated by RpoS in both P. aeruginosa PAO 1 and P. ,fluorescens CHAO and appeared to be modulated temporarily by oxidative stress conditions. However, the effect of 1698 sRNA on oxidative stress survival has not yet been established. Hfq protein interacted with 1698 sRNA in vitro and improved 1698 sRNA expression in vivo in P. aeruginosa. In P. fluorescens, GacA and Hfq were both required for expression of rpoS and GacA showed a positively control on the hfq expression; therefore, at least in this organism, GacA control of 1698 sRNA expression may act indirectly via Hfq and RpoS. Different methods were employed to find abase-pairing target for 1698 sRNA. In a proteomic analysis carried out in P. aeruginosa, positive regulation by 1698 sRNA was observed for Soda, the iron-associated superoxide dismutase, an enzyme involved in oxidative stress resistance. A sequence complementary with 1698 sRNA was predicted to be located in the 5' leader of soda mRNA. However, base-pairing between soda mRNA and 1698 sRNA remains to be proven. In conclusion, this work has revealed eight novel sRNAs and novel functions of two sRNAs in Pseudomonas spp. Résumé Les petits ARNs non-codants (sRNAs) produits par les bactéries sont des transcrits ayant pour la plupart des activités régulatrices importantes. Leurs séquences nucléotidiques ainsi que leurs structures secondaires permettent aux sRNAs d'interagir soit avec des RNA messagers (mRNAs), de sorte à modifier l'expression des protéines pour lesquelles ils codent, soit avec des protéines régulatrices liant des rnRNAs, ce qui a pour effet de modifier l'expression de ces mRNAs. Des sRNAs sont impliqués dans diverses voies de régulation, telles que celles qui régissent la virulence, le stockage du fer, l'organisation des protéines de l'enveloppe bactérienne ou la réponse au stress. Chez les Pseudomonas spp., le système à deux composantes GacS/GacA contrôle la production de métabolites secondaires. Ceux-ci sont engagés dans l'établissement du biocontrôle, chez P. fluorescens, ou. de la virulence, chez P. aeruginosa. La régulation génique dirigée par le système GacS/GacA fait intervenir les sRNAs du type RsmZ, capables de contrecarrer l'action au niveau traductionnel exercée par les protéines régulatrices du type RsmA. Une recherche au niveau du génome a été menée chez P. aeruginosa PAO1 de même que chez des espèces qui lui sont étroitement apparentées, débouchant sur la mise en évidence de 15 gènes codant pour des sRNAs. Parmi ceux-ci, huit ont été découverts pour la première fois et sept confirment des travaux publiés. L'expression du gène du sRNAs 1698 s'avère être régulée par GacA, vraisemblablement de manière indirecte. La transcription du gène du sRNA 1887 montre une dépendance envers Anr, régulateur de l'anaérobiose, et envers une carence en oxygène. La surexpression du sRNA 1698 chez P. fluorescens CHAO n'affecte pas l'expression de hcnA, un gène du régulon GacA, laissant supposer que le sRNA n'intervient pas dans la régulation des métabolites secondaires. Chez P. aeruginosa PAOI et chez P. fluorescens CHAO, RpoS, le facteur sigma du stress, est nécessaire à l'expression du sRNA 1698, et la concentration de ce dernier est modulée par des conditions de stress oxydatif. Toutefois, un effet du sRNA 1698 quant à la survie suite au stress oxydatif n'a pas été établi. Par ailleurs, l'interaction entre le sRNA 1698 et Hfq, la protéine chaperone de RNAs, in vitro ainsi qu'un rôle positif de Hfq pour l'expression du sRNA 1698 in vivo ont été démontrés chez P. aeruginosa. L'induction de l'expression par GacA de rpoS et de hfq a été confirmée chez P. fluorescens CHAO, suggérant que la régulation par GacA du sRNA 1698 pourrait se faire par l'intermédiaire de RpoS et Hfq. Diverses méthodes ont été employées pour identifier un transcrit qui puisse être apparié par le sRNA 1698. Une analyse de protéome chez P. aeruginosa montre que l'expression de Soda, la superoxyde dismutase associée au fer, est positivement régulée par le sRNA 1698. Soda est une enzyme impliquée dans la résistance au stress oxydatif. Une séquence de complémentarité avec le sRNA 1698 a bien été prédite sur le leader 5' du mRNA de soda. Cependant, l'appariement entre le sRNA et son transcrit cible est encore à prouver. En conclusion, ce travail a dévoilé huit nouveaux sRNAs et de nouvelles fonctions pour deux sRNAs chez les Pseudomonas.

Violences Domestiques : Prise en Charge et Prévention

Longtemps cachée, déniée, considérée comme honteuse par ses victimes, la violence domestique n'en est pas moins une réalité concrète qui tue, dans notre pays, une femme toutes les deux semaines et qui coûte des millions de francs par an à la société civile. Dès lors, ce type de violence ne peut plus être considéré comme relevant uniquement de la sphère privée. L'isolement des victimes, dû à l'incompréhension du phénomène, aux préjugés, à la peur et à l'ignorance de structures d'aides, n'est plus admissible. La violence domestique est un cas complexe et aucune discipline ne peut, à elle seule, y faire face. Les solutions sont donc l'affaire de tous. C'est pourquoi des professionnels romands créent le programme «C'est assez», au début des années 2000. S'ensuit un long cheminement pour mettre en lumière la problématique de la violence domestique et construire un réseau de soins, de prise en charge et de prévention cohérent, soutenu tant par le travail d'infirmiers, de travailleurs sociaux, de policiers, de médecins et de psychologues que de juges et de politiciens. Cet ouvrage parle de succès, d'échecs, d'espoirs, et il cherche avant tout à rendre sensible chaque citoyen à ce qui devrait être une évidence: prévenir la violence domestique et en faire une affaire de santé publique.

Neurological conditions: involvement to improve service delivery

A major, ongoing Public Health Agency led consultation exercise has identified 12 recommendations to improve the lives of the 48,000 people, and their carers, who experience neurological conditions across Northern Ireland. These recommendations will form the basis of an action plan to improve service delivery and support for those experiencing a range of conditions, such as epilepsy, Huntington's Disease, Parkinson's Disease, progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) and multiple sclerosis (MS).The recommendations cover four areas:accurate information and diagnosis;control and choice, particularly self-management and person-centred services;day-to-day living and independence, including finance, employment, social life and ability to get out and about;emotional and psychological impact on individuals and families, eg the support available to deal with stress, fear, frustration, isolation, loss and vulnerability associated with living with a neurological condition.The report was launched at a regional workshop, held in Cookstown (today) and co-ordinated through the Neurological Conditions Network, which was established to develop this work.Speaking before the workshop, Health Minister Edwin Poots said: "Neurological conditions give rise to complex needs, which require support from a wide range of professionals. They also change lives, both for those directly affected and for their families and carers, and it is so important not to lose sight of this if we are to successfully address the challenges in tackling neurological conditions."Last week, I visited the home of Beth McCune, who suffers from motor neurone disease. I was invited to see for myself the daily challenges faced by Beth and her husband and carer, Arthur, and to hear of their experiences. While I was struck by their courage and patience, this visit underlined again for me the severe life-changing impact of the disease."At present, there are some 48,000 people in Northern Ireland living with neurological conditions. It was in recognition of the needs of men and women like Beth that my department requested the establishment of the Neurological Conditions Network and provided the necessary funding to support it."Michelle Tennyson, PHA Assistant Director and Chair of the Neurological Conditions Network, said: "This detailed engagement exercise was undertaken to get the views and quality of life experiences of those affected by these conditions. We tried to ensure everyone who wanted to contribute could, by providing support through helplines, the internet and face-to-face events. I am honoured that so many people have trusted us with their experiences to help us make a difference and was privileged to be invited into the home of Beth and Arthur McCune for the same reason."The recommendations cover a range of conditions and their implementation will need cooperation and action from professionals, service users, voluntary organizations and others, across many sectors and agencies. The network is looking forward to delivering on these challenging new ways of working to improve the lives of all those affected by neurological conditions."The workshop attracted service users and carers along with delegates from across Northern Ireland's community, voluntary and statutory sectors.If you have a neurological condition, or care for someone who does, and want to share your experiences, please go to: www.publichealth.hscni.net/ncnsurveyYou can also contact Julie Mawhinney, Tel: 028 9032 1313.

When Cooperation Stumbles: the effects of grades on indicators of cooperation

(English Abstract) In western societies, grades are to date the most widespread means by which achievement and performance are assessed in educational contexts. Grades are used for their capacity to provide individuals with a clear indicator of success or failure, in particular in comparison to others; in this respect, we study their impact on particular work contexts requiring cooperation. Indeed, students are often exhorted to cooperate and work in groups, while at the same time assessed with grades and focused on inter-individual comparison. However, to the best of our knowledge, no work has investigated the effects of grades on cooperation and on indicators of cooperation, a central question to be addressed given its significance for educational trends encouraging cooperative practices, and which we propose to explore in the experimental parts of this thesis. The first experimental chapter, Chapter 4, investigates the effect of grades with regards to their capacity to highlight individual visibility and at the same time social comparison. It tries to disentangle which of these facets could affect a motivated bias likely to reduce cooperation, namely individuals' preference for information confirming their own choice. In two experiments, results showed that a graded-cooperative situation increased this preference effect in comparison to other conditions where only individual visibility was manipulated, and furthermore increased individuals' perception of a competitive atmosphere. Chapter 5 investigates the effect of grades on direct cooperative inter- individual interactions, namely on group information sharing. Two experiments showed that grades hindered informational communication between individuals, leading them to withhold crucial task-information. Finally, Chapter 6 investigates the effects of grades on another indicator of group cooperation, namely inter-individual coordination. Results indicated that showcasing grades at the onset of a cooperative task necessitating inter-individual coordination decreased group performance and elicited more negative dominant behaviours amongst participants. Together these results provide evidence that grades hamper group cooperation. We conclude by discussing implications for the practice of grading in Education. ------------------------------------------------------- (Résumé en langue française) Dans la plupart des pays occidentaux, les notes sont majoritairement utilisées pour évaluer la performance et rendre compte de la réussite scolaire des individus. Dans cette perspective, elles sont non seulement un indicateur de succès ou d'échec, mais aussi de la valeur comparative des individus. Dans cette thèse nous proposons de tester l'effet des notes lorsque celles-ci sont utilisées dans des contextes bien spécifiques de coopération. En effet, si les notes et la comparaison sociale sont pratique courante, les étudiants sont souvent encouragés et amenés à coopérer en groupe. Cependant, à notre connaissance, point d'études ont testé l'effet des notes sur la coopération; études qui seraient pourtant légitimes étant donné la tendance existante en milieu éducatif à encourager les pratiques coopératives. C'est précisément ce que proposent de faire les chapitres expérimentaux de cette thèse. Le premier (Chapitre 4) teste l'effet des notes au regard de leur capacité à accentuer à la fois la visibilité et la comparaison sociale. Deux expériences investiguent l'effet des notes et tentent de démêler ce qui, de la visibilité individuelle, de la comparaison sociale ou des deux, pourrait affecter un biais motivationnel qui réduit la propension à coopérer: la propension à préférer les informations qui confirment les choix de l'individu. Les résultats montrent qu'en situation coopérative, les notes accroissent ce biais comparativement à des situations où seule la visibilité individuelle est soulignée, suggérant de plus que les notes produisent une focalisation des individus sur une comparaison sociale compétitive. Le second (Chapitre 5) teste l'effet des notes sur les interactions coopératives des individus, précisément sur le partage d'information. Deux expériences montrent que dans un contexte de travail en groupe coopératif, les notes entravent le bon partage des informations entre individus, les amenant à faire de la rétention d'information. Enfin, le troisième (Chapitre 6) investigue l'effet des notes sur un autre indicateur de coopération en groupe: la coordination interindividuelle. Les résultats montrent que les notes réduisent la coordination des individus et les mènent à avoir des comportements de dominance négative entre eux. En somme, les notes entravent la coopération et réduisent les comportements coopératifs entre individus. Enfin, nous discutons des implications pour le milieu éducatif.

Urgences préhospitalières: mieux valoriser le travail des professionnels pour prévenir les troubles mentaux

On savait déjà que la détresse psychique touchait souvent les professionnels des interventions d'urgence préhospitalières. Voici qu'une étude chez des ambulanciers suisses, qui, à l'instar des pompiers français, prennent en charge les patients avant leur admission à l'hôpital, montre que le surinvestissement dans le travail et la perception d'un travail faiblement valorisé sont des facteurs nettement associés à des troubles de la santé mentale. [Auteurs]