Ground-based electromagnetic (EM) and drill-hole ice and snow thickness and melt pond depth measurements during Polarstern cruise ARK-IX/4, ARK-XI/1, and ARK-XII

Drillhole-determined sea-ice thickness was compared with values derived remotely using a portable small-offset loop-loop steady state electromagnetic (EM) induction device during expeditions to Fram Strait and the Siberian Arctic, under typical winter and summer conditions. Simple empirical transformation equations are derived to convert measured apparent conductivity into ice thickness. Despite the extreme seasonal differences in sea-ice properties as revealed by ice core analysis, the transformation equations vary little for winter and summer. Thus, the EM induction technique operated on the ice surface in the horizontal dipole mode yields accurate results within 5 to 10% of the drillhole determined thickness over level ice in both seasons. The robustness of the induction method with respect to seasonal extremes is attributed to the low salinity of brine or meltwater filling the extensive pore space in summer. Thus, the average bulk ice conductivity for summer multiyear sea ice derived according to Archie's law amounts to 23 mS/m compared to 3 mS/m for winter conditions. These mean conductivities cause only minor differences in the EM response, as is shown by means of 1-D modeling. However, under summer conditions the range of ice conductivities is wider. Along with the widespread occurrence of surface melt ponds and freshwater lenses underneath the ice, this causes greater scatter in the apparent conductivity/ice thickness relation. This can result in higher deviations between EM-derived and drillhole determined thicknesses in summer than in winter.

Otimização do controle do diagrama de radiação de radares de varredura para rastreio de foguetes usando o método GAMMC para o Caso Planar (GAMMC-P)

Launching centers are designed for scientific and commercial activities with aerospace vehicles. Rockets Tracking Systems (RTS) are part of the infrastructure of these centers and they are responsible for collecting and processing the data trajectory of vehicles. Generally, Parabolic Reflector Radars (PRRs) are used in RTS. However, it is possible to use radars with antenna arrays, or Phased Arrays (PAs), so called Phased Arrays Radars (PARs). Thus, the excitation signal of each radiating element of the array can be adjusted to perform electronic control of the radiation pattern in order to improve functionality and maintenance of the system. Therefore, in the implementation and reuse projects of PARs, modeling is subject to various combinations of excitation signals, producing a complex optimization problem due to the large number of available solutions. In this case, it is possible to use offline optimization methods, such as Genetic Algorithms (GAs), to calculate the problem solutions, which are stored for online applications. Hence, the Genetic Algorithm with Maximum-Minimum Crossover (GAMMC) optimization method was used to develop the GAMMC-P algorithm that optimizes the modeling step of radiation pattern control from planar PAs. Compared with a conventional crossover GA, the GAMMC has a different approach from the conventional one, because it performs the crossover of the fittest individuals with the least fit individuals in order to enhance the genetic diversity. Thus, the GAMMC prevents premature convergence, increases population fitness and reduces the processing time. Therefore, the GAMMC-P uses a reconfigurable algorithm with multiple objectives, different coding and genetic operator MMC. The test results show that GAMMC-P reached the proposed requirements for different operating conditions of a planar RAV.

Simulazione della risposta dei radiometri satellitari nelle microonde AMSU-B e MHS per il retrieval della precipitazione nevosa e studio di sensibilità dell’algoritmo 183-WSL

Il lavoro di questa tesi è focalizzato sulla valutazione della sensibilità delle microonde rispetto a differenti idrometeore per le frequenze a 89 GHz e 150 GHz e nella banda di assorbimento del vapor d'acqua a 183.31 GHz. Il metodo di indagine consiste nell'utilizzo del modello di trasferimento radiativo RTTOV (Eyre, 1991) per simulare radianze dei canali dei sensori satellitari nelle microonde Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit-B (AMSU-B) e Microwave Humidity Sounder (MHS). Le simulazioni basate sul modello RTTOV si sono focalizzate su tre dataset indipendenti, forniti da ECMWF. Il primo passo tiene conto di una selezione di categorie dei profili atmosferici basato su una distinzione della fase delle idrometeore, LWP, IWP e WVP, con sottoclassi terra e oceano. La distinzione in diverse categorie permette di valutare la sensibilità di ciascuna frequenza utilizzata nelle simulazioni al variare del contenuto di acqua e ghiaccio. Un secondo approccio è usato per valutare la risposta di ciascuna frequenza nei casi di nevicate sulla terraferma. Questa indagine ha permesso lo sviluppo di un nuovo algoritmo prototipale per la stima dell'intensità di precipitazione nevosa basato su una serie di test a soglia e una equazione di combinazione lineare multipla che sfrutta una combinazione dei canali più sensibili alla snowfall: 150, 186 e 190 GHz. Una prima verifica su casi di studio pre-selezionati di snowstorm sembra fornire risultati promettenti. Infine è stato realizzato uno studio di sensibilità dell’algoritmo 183-WSL (Laviola and Levizzani, 2011) utilizzando le simulazioni di RTTOV con precipitazione/non precipitazione come predittori discreti e con le intensità di precipitazione come predittori continui. Le simulazioni RTTOV rivelano una sovrastima delle radianze in presenza di profili di pioggia e ciò potrebbe essere dovuto alle approssimazioni e parametrizzazioni adottate nel modello RTTOV-SCATT usato per la risoluzione dello scattering in presenza di precipitazione.

426 ozonesonde profiles from Georg-Forster-Station

On 22 May 1985 the first balloon-borne ozonesonde was successfully launched by the staff of Georg-Forster-Station (70°46' S, 11°41' E). The following weekly ozone soundings mark the beginning of the continuous investigation of Germany to study the vertical ozone distribution in the southern hemisphere. In 1985 these ozone soundings have been the only record showing the change of vertical ozone distribution in the southern polar stratosphere in September and October. The regular ozone soundings from 1985 until 1992 are a valuable reference data set since the chemical ozone loss became a significant feature in the southern polar stratosphere. The balloon-borne soundings were performed at the upper air sounding facility of the neighbouring station Novolazarevskaya, just 2 km apart from Georg-Forster-Station. Till 1992, ozone soundings were taken without interruption. Afterwards, the ozone sounding program was moved to Neumayer-Station (70°39' S, 8°15' W) 750 km further west.