CONVEMAR en el Ecuador: recursos marítimos, situación geopolítica y solución de conflictos

En esta investigación, se realiza un análisis cualitativo del proceso de evolución del Derecho del Mar, aplicación y limitaciones, hasta llegar a su institucionalización en el año de 1982, en la Tercera Conferencia de las Naciones Unidas sobre el Derecho el Mar, donde se concreta una codificación con carácter normativo sobre temas del mar, llamada Convención sobre el Derecho del Mar (CONVEMAR), que entra en plena vigencia en 1994. Esta se convierte, en definitiva, en la nueva era del Derecho el Mar acogida por gran parte de los países ribereños y no ribereños alrededor del mundo. Partiendo de este marco normativo institucional, es de vital importancia el análisis de las implicaciones de la posible adhesión del Ecuador a la Convención de las Naciones Unidas sobre el Derecho del Mar (CONVEMAR, UNCLOS por sus siglas en inglés), y a los impactos que tendría la misma sobre la soberanía y delimitación de los espacios marítimos, así como el uso, goce y disposición de los recursos vivos o no vivos que se encuentran tanto en las columnas de agua, donde tiene jurisdicción el país ribereño, como en el lecho y subsuelo marino. De igual manera se abordará la situación de las Islas Galápagos, y la incidencia, en temas jurisdiccionales, ambientales y de reconocimiento, de la posible membrecía del Ecuador a la CONVEMAR. Por último, se analizará la situación de delimitación fronteriza marítima del Ecuador con sus países vecinos, poniendo especial énfasis en la problemática frontera sur y la posición del Perú respecto a la misma. Se abordará también, el análisis de los posibles impactos sobre el Ecuador, de la resolución que emita la Corte internacional de la Haya, respecto al diferendo de delimitación marítima entre Chile y Perú. Y finalmente se analizará, de manera prospectiva, la posible solución de este problema en el marco de los entes jurisdiccionales de la CONVEMAR.

Living up to the value agenda: the empirical realities of through-life value creation in construction

Current research agendas are increasingly encouraging the construction industry to operate on the basis of 'added value'. Such debates echo the established concept of 'high value manufacturing' and associated trends towards servitization. Within construction, the so-called 'value agenda' draws heavily from the notion of integrated solutions. This is held to be especially appropriate in the context of PFI projects. Also relevant is the concept of service-led projects whereby the project rationale is driven by the client's objectives for delivering an enhanced service to its own customers. Such ideas are contextualized by a consideration of broader trends of privatization and outsourcing within and across the construction industry's client base. The current emphasis on integrated solutions reflects long-term trends within privatized client organizations towards the outsourcing of asset management capabilities. However, such trends are by no means uniform or consistent. An in-depth case study of three operating divisions within a major construction company illustrates that firms are unlikely to reorientate their business in response to the 'value agenda'. In the case of PFI, the tendency has been to establish specialist units for the purposes of winning work. Meanwhile, institutionally embedded operating routines within the rest of the business remain broadly unaffected.

Private industrial project management: a systems-based case study

The technique of linear responsibility analysis is used for a retrospective case study of a private industrial development consisting of an extension to existing buildings to provide a warehouse, services block and packing line. The organizational structure adopted on the project is analysed using concepts from systems theory which are included in Walker's theoretical model of the structure of building project organizations (Walker, 1981). This model proposes that the process of building provision can be viewed as systems and subsystems which are differentiated from each other at decision points. Further to this, the subsystems can be viewed as the interaction of managing system and operating system. Using Walker's model, a systematic analysis of the relationships between the contributors gives a quantitative assessment of the efficacy of the organizational structure used. The causes of the client's dissatisfaction with the outcome of the project were lack of integration and complexity of the managing system. However, there was a high level of satisfaction with the completed project and this is reflected by the way in which the organization structure corresponded to the model's propositions.

Production risk, pesticide use and GM crop technology in South Africa

Technology involving genetic modification of crops has the potential to make a contribution to rural poverty reduction in many developing countries. Thus far, pesticide-producing Bacillus thuringensis (Bt) varieties of cotton have been the main GM crops under cultivation in developing nations. Several studies have evaluated the farm-level performance of Bt varieties in comparison to conventional ones by estimating production technology, and have mostly found Bt technology to be very successful in raising output and/or reducing pesticide input. However, the production risk properties of this technology have not been studied, although they are likely to be important to risk-averse smallholders. This study investigates the output risk aspects of Bt technology by estimating two 'flexible risk' production function models allowing technology to independently affect the mean and higher moments of output. The first is the popular Just-Pope model and the second is a more general 'damage control' flexible risk model. The models are applied to cross-sectional data on South African smallholders, some of whom used Bt varieties. The results show no evidence that a 'risk-reduction' claim can be made for Bt technology. Indeed, there is some evidence to support the notion that the technology increases output risk, implying that simple (expected) profit computations used in past evaluations may overstate true benefits.

Characterisation of amorphous and nanocrystalline molecular materials by total scattering

The use of high-energy X-ray total scattering coupled with pair distribution function analysis produces unique structural fingerprints from amorphous and nanostructured phases of the pharmaceuticals carbamazepine and indomethacin. The advantages of such facility-based experiments over laboratory-based ones are discussed and the technique is illustrated with the characterisation of a melt-quenched sample of carbamazepine as a nanocrystalline (4.5 nm domain diameter) version of form III.

High-pressure structural studies of the pharmaceutical, chlorothiazide

The pharmaceutical material chlorothiazide (6-chloro-4H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine-7-sulfonamide 1,1-dioxide) has been studied under high-pressure conditions using single-crystal and powder X-ray diffraction. An isosymmetric phase transition to a second polymorph occurs at 4.4 GPa. An analysis of the structural changes that occur during this phase transition has been performed.