1000 resultados para Salminen, Timo


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In this dissertation the main aim was to study the usability of aspen wood in the mechanical wood processes, especially the factors that affect the usability of aspen wood, which is dried at different temperature levels. The problematic of varying temperatures from level to another seem to have significant effects on distortions. According to the studies conducted, many practical solutions for drying of aspen timber can be made. European aspen sawn timber should be dried in relatively narrow widths, short lengths, edged and sawn pith free. The results achieved give an interesting view for the distortions of aspen wood between HT drying and heat treatment. The most significant result is that cupping seems to decrease when increasing temperature level from HT drying to heat treatment phase. The difference is significant. Other very obvious result is that bow and crook are increasing between these two temperature levels, bow significantly. Also the modelling gives a good background for this result since cupping is reduced by higher temperatures. It can also be assumed that these distortions can be affected for example by sorting out the timber used to different moisture levels before drying. This could be a very simple solution for practical purposes. From practical point of view, it was also noted during the drying tests performed that the discoloration seem to be no problem for aspen boards dried in temperatures under 150 °C. Altogether, this dissertation covers many interesting points of view of factors affecting distortions of wood in different temperature stages. Aspen as species in use of mechanical wood industries seems to be a species suitable for component production. According to the results, the best yield from aspen timber can be achieved in industry that can utilize relatively short components of sawn wood. Results achieved give a significant indication about the factors affecting distortions of wood at different temperature stages of drying, especially considering European aspen.

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Direktiivi 2005/32/EY energiaa käyttävien tuotteiden ekologiselle suunnittelulle asetettavien vaatimusten puitteista annettiin 6.7.2005. Direktiivin puitteissa Euroopan komissio tulee antamaan tuoteryhmäkohtaisia asetuksia, joissa määritellään tuoteryhmäkohtaisesti ympäristövaatimukset. Direktiivin tarkoituksena on integroida ymparistönakokohdat ja elinkaariajattelu tuotesuunnitteluvaiheessa. Tällä direktiivillä pyritään parantamaan ympäristösuojelun tasoa ja tuotteiden energiatehokkuutta. Tämän diplomityön tarkoituksena on esitellä Ecodesign direktiiviä ja selvittää sen puitteissa annettujen asetusten vaikutusta Suomessa. Työssä tutkitaan hehkulamppujen maahantuonnin kieltävän asetuksen vaikutuksia kotitalouksiin, ympäristöön ja sähkömarkkinoihin. Lisaksi työssä on tutkittu sähkömoottoreita koskevan asetuksen vaikutuksia Suomen teollisuudessa. Lopuksi työssä arvioidaan Suomen ilmasto ja energiapolitiikan tavoitteiden ja velvoitteiden tuomien toimenpiteiden vaikutuksia. Työssä esitetään esimerkkitarkasteluja siitä, millaisia saastoja sähkönkulutukseen voitaisiin saavuttaa eri tuoteryhmissä direktiivin pohjalta annetuilla asetuksilla. Tarkasteluun valitut tuoteryhmät olivat kotitalouksien valaistus ja sähkömoottorit.

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A systematic averaging procedure has been derived in order to obtain an integral form of conservation equations for dispersed multiphase flow, especially applicable to fluidized beds. A similar averaging method is applied further to formulate macroscopic integral equations, which can be used in one-dimensional and macroscopic multi dimensional models. Circulating fluid bed hydrodynamics has been studied experimentally and both macroscopic and microscopic flow profiles have been measured in a cold model. As an application of the theory, the one dimensional model has been used to study mass and momentum conservation of gas and solid in a circulating fluid bed. Axial solid mixing has also been modelled by the one dimensional model and mixing parameters have been evaluated.

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Kirjallisuusarvostelu

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Kirjallisuusarvostelu

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Kirjallisuusarvostelu

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Kirjallisuusarvostelu

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Kirjallisuusarvostelu