Estrutura de um nitossolo vermelho latossólico eutroférrico sob sistema plantio direto, preparo convencional e floresta

Alterações estruturais causadas no solo pelos sistemas de manejo podem resultar em compactação e interferir no desenvolvimento radicular das culturas. Com o objetivo de avaliar os influxos do tipo de manejo sobre a estrutura do solo, por meio de métodos qualitativo (perfil cultural) e quantitativo (densidade), realizou-se um estudo em solo derivado do basalto, com textura argilosa a muito argilosa, no município de Maringá (PR), Terceiro Planalto Paranaense, coordenadas 23 º 29 ' S e 51 º 59 ' W, submetido aos sistemas de manejo convencional com sucessão de milho (Zea mays L. ) e soja (Glycine max); e plantio direto com rotação de trigo (Triticum spp.), milho (Zea mays L.), feijão (Phaseolus vulgaris), aveia-preta (Avena strigosa) e soja durante 20 anos. Próximo desses locais, selecionou-se área de floresta como testemunha. Amostras indeformadas foram coletadas a partir dos volumes homogêneos de solo, verificados na descrição do perfil cultural: duas amostras em solo sob floresta, duas em plantio direto e três amostras em solo com manejo convencional. A análise física associada às análises morfológicas das estruturas do solo para as profundidades de 0 a 20 cm e 20 a 40 cm permite concluir que: (a) o tipo de manejo do solo agrícola determina quantidades distintas de horizontes antrópicos; (b) a condição apresentada pelo volume estrutural infere a forma de exploração do solo pelas raízes; (c) os processos de compactação no solo sob manejo convencional ocorrem tanto em profundidade como em lateralidade; (d) o sistema plantio direto mostrou-se mais favorável do ponto de vista da qualidade estrutural; (e) o método do perfil cultural é eficiente em avaliações morfológicas do solo.

Leaf area of common bean genotypes during early pod filling as related to plant adaptation to limited phosphorus supply

Low phosphorus supply markedly limits leaf growth and genotypes able to maintain adequate leaf area at low P could adapt better to limited-P conditions. This work aimed to investigate the relationship between leaf area production of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) genotypes during early pod filling and plant adaptation to limited P supply. Twenty-four genotypes, comprised of the four growth habits in the species and two weedy accessions, were grown at two P level applied to the soil (20 and 80 mg kg-1) in 4 kg pots and harvested at two growth stages (pod setting and early pod filling). High P level markedly increased the leaf number and leaf size (leaf area per leaf), slightly increased specific leaf area but did not affect the net assimilation rate. At low P level most genotypic variation for plant dry mass was associated with leaf size, whereas at high P level this variation was associated primarily with the number of leaves and secondarily with leaf size, specific leaf area playing a minor role at both P level. Determinate bush genotypes presented a smaller leaf area, fewer but larger leaves with higher specific leaf area and lower net assimilation rate. Climbing genotypes showed numerous leaves, smaller and thicker leaves with a higher net assimilation rate. Indeterminate bush and indeterminate prostrate genotypes presented the highest leaf area, achieved through intermediate leaf number, leaf size and specific leaf area. The latter groups were better adapted to limited P. It is concluded that improved growth at low P during early pod filling was associated with common bean genotypes able to maintain leaf expansion through leaves with greater individual leaf area.

Nitrate and ammonium in soil solution in tobacco management systems

Tobacco farmers of southern Brazil use high levels of fertilizers, without considering soil and environmental attributes, posing great risk to water resources degradation. The objective of this study was to monitor nitrate and ammonium concentrations in the soil solution of an Entisol in and below the root zone of tobacco under conventional tillage (CT), minimum tillage (MT) and no-tillage (NT). The study was conducted in the small-watershed Arroio Lino, in Agudo, State of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. A base fertilization of 850 kg ha-1 of 10-18-24 and topdressing of 400 kg ha-1 of 14-0-14 NPK fertilizer were applied. The soil solution was sampled during the crop cycle with a tension lysimeter equipped with a porous ceramic cup. Ammonium and nitrate concentrations were analyzed by the distillation and titration method. Nitrate concentrations, ranging from 8 to 226 mg L-1, were highest after initial fertilization and decreased during the crop cycle. The average nitrate (N-NO3-) concentration in the root zone was 75 in NT, 95 in MT, and 49 mg L-1 in CT. Below the root zone, the average nitrate concentration was 58 under NT, 108 under MT and 36 mg L-1 under CT. The nitrate and ammonium concentrations did not differ significantly in the management systems. However, the nitrate concentrations measured represent a contamination risk to groundwater of the watershed. The ammonium concentration (N-NH4+) decreased over time in all management systems, possibly as a result of the nitrification process and root uptake of part of the ammonium by the growing plants.