Activity-dependent phosphorylation of SNAP-25 in hippocampal organotypic cultures.

Synaptosomal-associated protein of 25 kDa (SNAP-25) is thought to play a key role in vesicle exocytosis and in the control of transmitter release. However, the precise mechanisms of action as well as the regulation of SNAP-25 remain unclear. Here we show by immunoprecipitation that activation of protein kinase C (PKC) by phorbol esters results in an increase in SNAP-25 phosphorylation. In addition, immunochemical analysis of two-dimensional sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis gels shows that SNAP-25 focuses as three or four distinct spots in the expected range of molecular weight and isoelectric point. Changing the phosphorylation level of the protein by incubating the slices in the presence of either a PKC agonist (phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate) or antagonist (chelerythrine) modified the distribution of SNAP-25 among these spots. Phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate increased the intensity of the spots with higher molecular weight and lower isoelectric point, whereas chelerythrine produced the opposite effect. This effect was specific for regulators of PKC, as agonists of other kinases did not produce similar changes. Induction of long-term potentiation, a property involved in learning mechanisms, and production of seizures with a GABA(A) receptor antagonist also increased the intensity of the spots with higher molecular weight and lower isoelectric point. This effect was prevented by the PKC inhibitor chelerythrine. We conclude that SNAP-25 can be phosphorylated in situ by PKC in an activity-dependent manner.

Seleção de clones de cajueiro-anão para o plantio comercial no estado do Ceará

O principal problema da cajucultura no Brasil é a baixa produtividade dos pomares, atualmente menos de 220 kg ha-1,de castanha, razão pela qual a prioridade é a obtenção de novas cultivares. Neste trabalho são apresentados os resultados da avaliação de 30 clones de cajueiro (incluindo quatro testemunhas), em regime de sequeiro, efetuada entre abril de 1990 e fevereiro de 1997, na Estação Experimental de Pacajus, CE, Brasil. O delineamento experimental foi o de blocos ao acaso, com quatro repetições e quatro plantas/parcela, com espaços de 7 x 7 m. Os resultados mostraram que os clones CAP 01, CAP 05 e CAP 12, com altura mais de 70% superior aos 2,4 m médios das testemunhas, são de porte intermediário entre os tipos comum e anãoprecoce. O diâmetro da copa dos clones CAP 10, CAP 06 e CAP 26 foi superior em mais de 63% aos 4,8 m médios das testemunhas; os clones CAP 02, CAP 07, CAP 24 e CAP 25 foram os de menor envergadura. A produção dos clones CAP 12, CAP 18 e CAP 26 foi, respectivamente, de 1.510, 1.281 e 1.262 kg ha-1 de castanhas, no quinto ano, ou seja, 175% maior do que a testemunha mais produtiva, e o CAP 12 e o CAP 18 foram os mais regulares quanto a este caráter. O peso da amêndoa variou de 1,9 a 3,2 g, com 16 clones apresentando amêndoas superiores a 2,5 g (as de maior preço no mercado internacional de nozes). Quatro clones apresentaram rendimento de amêndoa acima dos 28% da melhor testemunha (são obtidos 22% na indústria brasileira), e os clones CAP 11, CAP 06 e CAP 05 apresentaram menos de 2% de amêndoas quebradas. Os resultados apontaram os clones CAP 26 e CAP 06 como os mais promissores.

IL-1β Suppresses Innate IL-25 and IL-33 Production and Maintains Helminth Chronicity.

Approximately 2 billion people currently suffer from intestinal helminth infections, which are typically chronic in nature and result in growth retardation, vitamin A deficiency, anemia and poor cognitive function. Such chronicity results from co-evolution between helminths and their mammalian hosts; however, the molecular mechanisms by which these organisms avert immune rejection are not clear. We have found that the natural murine helminth, Heligmosomoides polygyrus bakeri (Hp) elicits the secretion of IL-1β in vivo and in vitro and that this cytokine is critical for shaping a mucosal environment suited to helminth chronicity. Indeed in mice deficient for IL-1β (IL-1β(-/-)), or treated with the soluble IL-1βR antagonist, Anakinra, helminth infection results in enhanced type 2 immunity and accelerated parasite expulsion. IL-1β acts to decrease production of IL-25 and IL-33 at early time points following infection and parasite rejection was determined to require IL-25. Taken together, these data indicate that Hp promotes the release of host-derived IL-1β that suppresses the release of innate cytokines, resulting in suboptimal type 2 immunity and allowing pathogen chronicity.

EPI Update, April 25, 2014

Weekly newsletter for Center For Acute Disease Epidemiology of Iowa Department of Public Health.

20 Native Trees to Plant, January 25, 2010

If you have ever flown in an airplane over Iowa, you would see that our woodlands are scattered along the rivers and streams and areas too steep to farm. You would also see a green carpet of trees within out cities and towns. Did you know the 90% of the over 2.7 million acres of forest in Iowa is owned by over 138,000 different private owners? Or that 30% of the land cover in a typical Iowa community if covered by trees? Trees are vital for the protection of our drinking water supply, critical for wildlife habitat, and help sustain employment of over 7,000 Iowans in the wood products industry. This booklet "20 Native trees to Plant" will help you gain a greater knowledge about Iowa's trees and forests. Learn about and enjoy Iowa's trees. Consider ways that you can improve our environment by planting and caring for Iowa's trees and forests.

Friday Facts, July 25, 2014, Vol. 220

Bureau of Nutrition and Health Promotion part of the Iowa Department of Public Health produces of weekly newsletter about the Iowa WIC Program for the State of Iowa citizen.

Iowa Crop Progress & Condition, August 25, 2014

Report produced by the The Department of Agriculture and Land Stewardship, Climatology Bureau. Weather report released by the USDA National Agricultural Statistical Service. The report is released weekly from April through October. Formally titled: Iowa Crop and Weather Report