Clozapine reverses schizophrenia-related behaviours in the metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 knockout mouse: association with N-methyl-d-aspartic acid receptor up-regulation

Abnormalities in glutamatergic signalling are proposed in schizophrenia in light of the schizophreniform psychosis elicited by NMDA antagonists. The metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 (mGluR5) interacts closely with the NMDA receptor and is implicated in several behavioural endophenotypes of schizophrenia. We have demonstrated that mice lacking mGluR5 have increased sensitivity to the hyperlocomotive effects of the NMDA antagonist MK-801. Mice lacking mGluR5 also show abnormal locomotor patterns, reduced prepulse inhibition (PPI), and deficits on performance of a short-term spatial memory task on the Y-maze. Chronic administration of the antipsychotic drug clozapine ameliorated the locomotor disruption and reversed the PPI deficit, but did not improve Y-maze performance. Chronic clozapine increased NMDA receptor binding ([3H]MK-801) but did not alter dopamine D2 ([3H]YM-09151), 5-HT2A ([3H]ketanserin), or muscarinic M1/M4 receptor ([3H]pirenzepine), binding in these mice. These results demonstrate behavioural abnormalities that are relevant to schizophrenia in the mGluR5 knockout mouse and a reversal of behaviours with clozapine treatment. These results highlight both the interactions between mGluR5 and NMDA receptors in the determination of schizophreniform behaviours and the potential for the effects of clozapine to be mediated by NMDA receptor regulation.
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A study of phase behavior and conductivity of mixtures of the organic ionic plastic crystal N-methyl-N-methyl-pyrrolidinium dicyanamide with sodium dicyanamide

We report on the thermal, structural and conductivity properties of the organic ionic plastic crystal (OIPC) N-methyl-N-methyl-pyrrolidinium dicyanamide [C1mpyr][N(CN)2] mixed with the sodium salt Na[N(CN)2]. The DSC thermal traces indicate that an isothermal transition, which may be a eutectic melting, occurs at ~ 89 °C, below which all compositions are entirely in the solid phase. At 20 mol% Na[N(CN)2], this transition is the final melt for this mixture, and a new liquidus peak grows beyond 20 mol% Na[N(CN)2]. The III- > II solid-solid phase transition continues to be evident at ~- 2 °C. The microstructure for all the mixtures indicated a phase separated morphology where precipitates can be clearly observed. Most likely, these precipitates consist of a Na-rich second phase. This was also suggested from the vibrational spectroscopy and the 23Na NMR spectra. The lower concentrations of Na[N(CN)2] present complex 23Na MAS spectra, suggesting more than one sodium ion environment is present in these mixtures consistent with complex phase behavior. Unlike other OIPCs where the ionic conductivity usually increases upon doping or mixing in a second component, the conductivity of these mixtures remains relatively constant and above 10- 4 S cm- 1 at ∼ 80 °C, even in the solid state. Such high conductivities suggest these materials may be promising to be used for all solid-state electrochemical devices.

Polimorfismos dos genes do citocromo P450, da glutationa S-transferase e do supressor de tumor TP53 em populações sul-americanas e em pacientes com doença pulmonar obstrutiva crônica e câncer de pulmão

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Clonagem e caracterização parcial de cDNA de glândula salivar de Boophilus microplus (Acari:Ixodidae) similar a glutationa s-transferase

O carrapato Boophilus microplus é um ectoparasita hematófago de bovino que causa sérias perdas econômicas. Estudos para o desenvolvimento de formas alternativas de controle do carrapato tem sido realizados para diminuir ou substituir a aplicação de agentes químicos, que contaminam o ambiente, os derivados da carne, além dos problemas de resistência das gerações de carrapatos aos acaricidas. As vacinas são uma forma alternativa de controle do carrapato. As enzimas glutationa S-transferase (GSTs) são alvo potencial para intervenção imunológica contra alguns parasitas. Este trabalho teve como objetivo isolar e caracterizar parcialmente um cDNA de B. microplus similar a GST da classe Mu. O clone SG2 foi isolado dentre aproximadamente 8 x 103 pfu de fagos recombinantes de uma biblioteca de cDNA de glândula salivar de partenógina, sondada com anti-soro de coelho contra glândula salivar. O clone SG2 contendo um inserto de 864 pb teve sua seqüência determinada e a fase de leitura aberta corresponde a 220 amino ácidos. A análise desta seqüência indicou que o gene clonado codifica uma GST de B. microplus (BmGST) com um motivo altamente conservado entre os resíduos 60 e 68 que compreende o sítio de ligação a glutationa (GSH) e outro motivo SLAILRYL, centrado no resíduo 78 da seqüência. No alinhamento múltiplo da AgSG2 com outras GSTs foi observada uma similaridade de até 41% com GSTs da classe Mu de outros organismos e inclusive com outra GST da classe Mu isolada de larva de B. microplus (HE et al., 1999). A proteína recombinante AgSG2 purificada apresentou atividade enzimática contra o substrato cromogênico CDNB. Ensaios de atividade enzimática com extratos de tecidos, secreções e excreções foram realizados para verificar a presença de GST. Ensaios de RT-PCR com tecidos de B. microplus indicaram que os sítios de síntese de BmGST são glândulas salivares e intestino de partenógina e teleógina.

Investigation of urinary volatile organic metabolites as potential cancer biomarkers by solid-phase microextraction in combination with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry

BACKGROUND: Non-invasive diagnostic strategies aimed at identifying biomarkers of cancer are of great interest for early cancer detection. Urine is potentially a rich source of volatile organic metabolites (VOMs) that can be used as potential cancer biomarkers. Our aim was to develop a generally reliable, rapid, sensitive, and robust analytical method for screening large numbers of urine samples, resulting in a broad spectrum of native VOMs, as a tool to evaluate the potential of these metabolites in the early diagnosis of cancer. METHODS: To investigate urinary volatile metabolites as potential cancer biomarkers, urine samples from 33 cancer patients (oncological group: 14 leukaemia, 12 colorectal and 7 lymphoma) and 21 healthy (control group, cancer-free) individuals were qualitatively and quantitatively analysed. Dynamic solid-phase microextraction in headspace mode (dHS-SPME) using a carboxenpolydimethylsiloxane (CAR/PDMS) sorbent in combination with GC-qMS-based metabolomics was applied to isolate and identify the volatile metabolites. This method provides a potential non-invasive method for early cancer diagnosis as a first approach. To fulfil this objective, three important dHS-SPME experimental parameters that influence extraction efficiency (fibre coating, extraction time and temperature of sampling) were optimised using a univariate optimisation design. The highest extraction efficiency was obtained when sampling was performed at 501C for 60min using samples with high ionic strengths (17% sodium chloride, wv 1) and under agitation. RESULTS: A total of 82 volatile metabolites belonging to distinct chemical classes were identified in the control and oncological groups. Benzene derivatives, terpenoids and phenols were the most common classes for the oncological group, whereas ketones and sulphur compounds were the main classes that were isolated from the urine headspace of healthy subjects. The results demonstrate that compound concentrations were dramatically different between cancer patients and healthy volunteers. The positive rates of 16 patients among the 82 identified were found to be statistically different (Po0.05). A significant increase in the peak area of 2-methyl3-phenyl-2-propenal, p-cymene, anisole, 4-methyl-phenol and 1,2-dihydro-1,1,6-trimethyl-naphthalene in cancer patients was observed. On average, statistically significant lower abundances of dimethyl disulphide were found in cancer patients. CONCLUSIONS: Gas chromatographic peak areas were submitted to multivariate analysis (principal component analysis and supervised linear discriminant analysis) to visualise clusters within cases and to detect the volatile metabolites that are able to differentiate cancer patients from healthy individuals. Very good discrimination within cancer groups and between cancer and control groups was achieved.