Las nuevas campañas electorales: Interacción y participación ciudadana mediante las tecnologías de la información y la comunicación (TIC). El caso de las páginas web de los candidatos a la Presidencia de España y México en 2011 y 2012.

Esta propuesta de investigación tiene como objetivo conocer y analizar las plataformas digitales que los candidatos a la presidencia de España y México, a propósito de las elecciones generales del 2011 y 2012, ofrecen a la ciudadanía para interactuar y fomentar la participación ciudadana.El estudio parte del supuesto teórico de que el uso de Internet y las tecnologías de la información y la comunicación (TIC), ha modificado la comunicación electoral y la forma en la que los actores políticos se relacionan con la población y con sus potenciales electores.En procesos electorales, y en específico durante las campañas electorales, se puede observar cada vez más que los aspirantes a puestos públicos incorporan herramientas tecnológicas para interactuar, dialogar o escuchar a la ciudadanía. El uso de Twitter, Facebook, Youtube, y otras herramientas, son ahora elementos básicos a considerar dentro de la campaña electoral.En el presente estudio, la plataforma digital estudiada para conocer el grado de interacción y promoción del diálogo entre electores y candidatos, será la página web oficial del candidato. A través de un análisis comparativo que identifique los componentes de la página web del candidato en una subdivisión entendida como las dimensiones Web 1.0 y Web 2.0, se reconocerán las plataformas de participación y diálogo que ofrezcan los candidatos a la presidencia, por una parte, en España, para las elecciones de 2011, y por otra en México, en las elecciones de 2012. Esto permitirá obtener un panorama de lo que en participación ciudadana y promoción del diálogo se propuso desde las páginas web de los candidatos presidenciales.

Evaluating the Relationship between the Driver and Roadway to Address Rural Intersection Safety using the SHRP 2 Naturalistic Driving Study Data, RB05-013, 2016

Rural intersections account for 30% of crashes in rural areas and 6% of all fatal crashes, representing a significant but poorly understood safety problem. Transportation agencies have traditionally implemented countermeasures to address rural intersection crashes but frequently do not understand the dynamic interaction between the driver and roadway and the driver factors leading to these types of crashes. The Second Strategic Highway Research Program (SHRP 2) conducted a large-scale naturalistic driving study (NDS) using instrumented vehicles. The study has provided a significant amount of on-road driving data for a range of drivers. The present study utilizes the SHRP 2 NDS data as well as SHRP 2 Roadway Information Database (RID) data to observe driver behavior at rural intersections first hand using video, vehicle kinematics, and roadway data to determine how roadway, driver, environmental, and vehicle factors interact to affect driver safety at rural intersections. A model of driver braking behavior was developed using a dataset of vehicle activity traces for several rural stop-controlled intersections. The model was developed using the point at which a driver reacts to the upcoming intersection by initiating braking as its dependent variable, with the driver’s age, type and direction of turning movement, and countermeasure presence as independent variables. Countermeasures such as on-pavement signing and overhead flashing beacons were found to increase the braking point distance, a finding that provides insight into the countermeasures’ effect on safety at rural intersections. The results of this model can lead to better roadway design, more informed selection of traffic control and countermeasures, and targeted information that can inform policy decisions. Additionally, a model of gap acceptance was attempted but was ultimately not developed due to the small size of the dataset. However, a protocol for data reduction for a gap acceptance model was determined. This protocol can be utilized in future studies to develop a gap acceptance model that would provide additional insight into the roadway, vehicle, environmental, and driver factors that play a role in whether a driver accepts or rejects a gap.

Guidelines for the Inclusion of Left-Turn Lanes at Rural Highway Intersections, HR-147, 1970

Provision of left turn lanes is a major problem which lacks an objective approach. Various techniques and procedures in use have been reviewed. Traffic characteristics at typical Iowa intersections have been measured. A rational approach for inclusion of a left turn lane has been developed, based on relating the benefits to the road user to the cost of providing the added turing lane. An analysis of field data gathered under this project indicates that the use of theoretical distribution to describe vehicle headways is not applicable to rural Iowa two lane roads. As an alternate approach the mass of field data gathered were examined using multiple regression techniques to yield equations for predicting stops and delays. The benefit-cost ratio technique is recommended as the criterion for decision making.

Traffic Management Strategies for Merge Area in Rural Interstate Work Zones, CTRE 97-12, 1999

The Iowa Department of Transportation, like many other state transportation agencies, is experiencing growing congestion and traffic delays in work zones on rural interstate highways. The congestion results in unproductive and wasteful delays for both motorists and commercial vehicles. It also results in hazardous conditions where vehicle stopped in queues on rural interstate highways are being approached by vehicles upstream at very high speeds. The delays also result in driver frustration, making some drivers willing to take unsafe risks in an effort to bypass delays. To reduce the safety hazards and unproductive delays of congested rural interstate work zones, the Iowa Department of Transportation would like to improve its traffic management strategies at these locations. Applying better management practices requires knowledge of the traffic flow properties and driver behavior in and around work zones, and knowledge of possible management strategies. The project reported here and in a companion report documents research which seeks to better understand traffic flow behavior at rural interstate highway work zones and to estimate the traffic carrying capacity of work zone lane closures. In addition, this document also reports on technology available to better manage traffic in and around work zones.

Iowa Rural and Agricultural Health and Safety Resource Plan, 2011

The Iowa Department of Public Health (IDPH) convened the Health and Long-Term Care Advisory Council (HLTCAC) to assist in the development of its strategic plan. One component of the strategic plan is a rural health care resource plan. The intent of this document is to present reliable information and data as a valuable resource for the officials, agencies, and organizations responsible for strengthening and supporting the rural health systems vital to 43 percent of Iowa residents.

Experiencias de la participación militar española en misiones internacionales (2000-2012)

Este estudio sobre las Fuerzas Armadas españolas aborda, mediante un centenar de entrevistas en profundidad, el análisis de las experiencias vividas en operaciones internacionales. Con ello se ha analizado el contacto con otros actores, su acomodo y comprensión de las normas de enfrentamiento, sus motivaciones, impresiones y experiencias, los rendimientos personales y grupales, el grado de cumplimiento de los objetivos de la misión y los problemas familiares y psicológicos que puedan haber generado la participación en una misión de este tipo. El resultado de este estudio de caso se integra en un estudio internacional comparado denominado Lessons Learned on Asymmmetric Warfare y auspiciado por el RC nº1 de ISA y el Working Group Military Profession de ERGOMAS.

Lecciones aprendidas de la participación española en guerras asimétricas (2000-2012)

Las Fuerzas Armadas (en adelante FAS) son el instrumento con el que los Estados están acometiendo las"Nuevas Guerras". Las FAS como instrumento de política exterior de los Estados, tienen que ejecutar diferentes operaciones (asistencia humanitaria, ayuda a la reconstrucción, entrenamiento de las fuerzas locales, mantenimiento de la paz, de combate, inteligencia, etc.) al mismo tiempo, más que secuencialmente. Por tanto, en el recién nacido siglo XXI estamos viendo nuevos aspectos de la guerra (Caforio, 2009). La guerra asimétrica ha cambiado muchas reglas del juego, imponiendo una profunda transformación en las FAS, no sólo táctica, sino también estructural, de preparación y mental.

Modelo multicritério aditivo na geração de mapas de suscetibilidade à erosão em área rural

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a geração de um mapa de suscetibilidade à erosão, em área rural, no Município de Guararapes, SP, por meio de modelo multicritério aditivo. Foram utilizados mapas digitais dos temas: relevo (declividade e comprimento das rampas); pedologia (obtida em campo); uso e cobertura das terras da região; e interpretação do modelo digital de elevação. Os mapas digitais foram tratados em ambiente de sistema de informação geográfica, por meio do método multicritério aditivo, e validados pelo modelo da equação universal de perda de solo (USLE). Foram geradas cinco classes de suscetibilidade à erosão: baixa, moderada, alta, muito alta e altíssima. O mapa de risco obtido por multicritério aditivo teve boa correspondência com o modelo USLE. O mapa de suscetibilidade à erosão pode ser aplicado ao planejamento agrícola e ambiental da área rural do Município de Guararapes.