Curva de aprendizaje para ecografía cardiaca en residentes de primer y segundo año de medicina crítica de la universidad del rosario en el año 2016

La ecografía básica cardiaca (ECB) es una herramienta útil en la Unidad de Cuidados intensivos al facilitar la realización de ciertas intervenciones. No se ha definido el número de repeticiones necesarias para obtener un nivel de competencia adecuado. La evidencia encontrada indica un número mínimo de cincuenta repeticiones, para alcanzar cierto grado de habilidad.

I Jornadas de Investigação em Educação

No desenvolvimento das suas atividades de ensino e investigação, o Departamento de Pedagogia e Educação da Universidade de Évora tem promovido a realização de diferentes cursos de mestrado, dando origem a múltiplas dissertações que são testemunho do trabalho levado a cabo no e pelo Departamento para o desenvolvimento do conhecimento científico na área da educação cujos resultados importa difundir. A realização das 1as Jornadas de Investigação em Educação permitiu ao Departamento de Pedagogia e Educação encontrar um momento de revisitação, partilha e divulgação de investigações que consubstanciaram dissertações produzidas nos últimos anos no âmbito dos Mestrados em Administração Educacional, em Avaliação, em Educação para a Saúde, em Questões de Género e Educação para a Cidadania e em Supervisão Pedagógica. Estas Jornadas não pretenderam ser uma mostra exaustiva dos trabalhos realizados, mas uma ilustração do esforço e dedicação com que muitas dezenas de estudantes analisaram múltiplos aspetos da realidade educativa, produzindo sobre ela discursos críticos empiricamente sustentados. E porque estes/as estudantes são também de múltiplas procedências será possível encontrar testemunhos de estudos realizados em Portugal, em Angola e no Brasil, contribuindo desta forma para ampliar o conhecimento sobre diferentes sistemas educativos. Não será demais explicitar o sentido que tem para nós a publicação/produção desta ‘obra’ coletiva. Convocamos o sentido atribuído por Bruner ao processo de externalização da aprendizagem ou do saber científico presente na produção de obras culturais. Este processo de externalização “salva a atividade cognitiva do implícito, tornando-a mais pública, negociável e solidária” (Bruner, 1996:46). É neste sentido que a publicação destes trabalhos académicos já apresentados e defendidos publicamente vem permitir agora expandir o seu alcance público, a sua possibilidade de ser permutável (agora entre quem escreve e quem lê), expandindo ainda o exercício solidário da partilha do conhecimento construído. Neste momento de comunicação e divulgação, o esforço da explicitação ganhou já uma nova consistência permitida pela distância crítica que os autores e as autoras ganharam com o tempo, agora livres da tensão avaliativa das provas que por vezes pode ser inibidora do pensamento e sobretudo da reflexão conjunta. A sua disponibilidade para o diálogo e a intersubjetividade criada com o público que participou nas jornadas foi evidente. Agora, na escrita dos trabalhos apresentados, este exercício de explicitação adquire nova forma, ganhando reflexividade e autonomia. Este processo de formação substanciado nos mestrados atrás referidos percorreu diversas fases (componente curricular, produção da tese, apresentação da tese) e, não estando nunca completo, vem agora lançar a necessária ponte para uma nova fase, permitindo uma mudança na participação e na identidade dos/das seus/suas autores e autoras que se assumem como investigadores e investigadoras de pleno direito, participando na comunidade científica alargada tendo a possibilidade de ver o seu trabalho discutido num processo de validação pública. Do ponto de vista da organização desta publicação optou-se por uma estrutura simples consubstanciada na criação de temas agregadores em torno dos quais se centram os estudos que agora se apresentam. As Jornadas puderam contar com a participação do Prof. Danilo Melo, da Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, que proferiu a conferência inaugural, cujo texto abre também esta obra. Refletindo a já mencionada diversidade de percursos e temas em estudo, apresentam-se em seguida os textos sobre as seguintes temáticas: Administração, Avaliação, Igualdade de Oportunidades e Questões de Género, Desenvolvimento da aprendizagem, Biologia, Física e Química, Matemática e Literatura. Retomando Bruner e o sentido que ele dá à produção de obras, importa também realçar a possibilidade que esta oferece à comunidade onde é gerada de festejar e celebrar com orgulho o produto de trabalho conjunto, conferindo-lhe reconhecimento, identidade e um sentido de continuidade. Esta celebração foi já vivida durante as Jornadas onde estudantes e professores/as se reencontraram e reconheceram, agora já como pares, no oficio da produção científica. O livro agora publicado virá por certo reacender o orgulho naqueles e naquelas que aceitaram o desafio de participar nas Jornadas. Porque a obra agora é visível para um público mais alargado ela irá por certo incentivar novos diálogos e convidar novas gerações de investigadores e investigadoras a publicar os seus trabalhos e assim cumprirem o compromisso ético da partilha de conhecimento

DEGRADACION DE RECURSOS, POBREZA Y SALUD EN EL CANTON DE PURISCAL (I PARTE)

Se analiza de que forma la degradación de los recursos naturales conduce a través de un proceso histórico, motivado por la expulsión de la población sobrante que no pudo aprovecharse de las tierras en el área central del país, emigrar a la periferia de la Depresión Central, en el caso que nos ocupa al cantón de Puriscal, en busca de tierras para expandir el cultivo de café, granos básicos, ganadería extensiva y más recientemente al cultivo del tabaco. Las condiciones naturales del suelo imperantes en el área, los materiales muy frágiles, la fuerte pendiente unida a las prácticas agrícolas y ganaderas no acordes con la productividad agropecuaria. La penetración de empresas de la agroindustria de los lácteos, destruyo la producción campesina de la leche, y la poca productividad de la actividad tabacalera sucumbió por la importación del tabaco. Los bajos precios del café y la crítica situación de los granos básicos, provocaron un proceso de empobrecimiento de la población, que se manifiesta en tasas de migración neta negativas, desde el censo de 1950 hasta el presente. El proceso de empobrecimiento de la población es notable como consecuencias de lo interior y se manifiesta por los indicadores que en la investigación se analizan. Paralelamente el deterioro de los aspectos socioeconómicos, la investigación revela un deterioro en los niveles de salud, entendida como una condición donde intervienen aspectos de carácter físico, cultural, socioeconómico, psicológico y ambiental. La investigación analiza la distribución espacial del comportamiento de algunas enfermedades, mediante, la utilización del Sistema de Información Geográfica IDRISI. Por último, se analiza el papel del Estado a través de las políticas de salud tendentes a contrarrestar el impacto de la morbilidad y mortalidad.

An Isoflavone From Dipteryx Alata Vogel Is Active Against The In Vitro Neuromuscular Paralysis Of Bothrops Jararacussu Snake Venom And Bothropstoxin I, And Prevents Venom-induced Myonecrosis.

Snakebite is a neglected disease and serious health problem in Brazil, with most bites being caused by snakes of the genus Bothrops. Although serum therapy is the primary treatment for systemic envenomation, it is generally ineffective in neutralizing the local effects of these venoms. In this work, we examined the ability of 7,8,3'-trihydroxy-4'-methoxyisoflavone (TM), an isoflavone from Dipteryx alata, to neutralize the neurotoxicity (in mouse phrenic nerve-diaphragm preparations) and myotoxicity (assessed by light microscopy) of Bothrops jararacussu snake venom in vitro. The toxicity of TM was assessed using the Salmonella microsome assay (Ames test). Incubation with TM alone (200 μg/mL) did not alter the muscle twitch tension whereas incubation with venom (40 μg/mL) caused irreversible paralysis. Preincubation of TM (200 μg/mL) with venom attenuated the venom-induced neuromuscular blockade by 84% ± 5% (mean ± SEM; n = 4). The neuromuscular blockade caused by bothropstoxin-I (BthTX-I), the major myotoxic PLA2 of this venom, was also attenuated by TM. Histological analysis of diaphragm muscle incubated with TM showed that most fibers were preserved (only 9.2% ± 1.7% were damaged; n = 4) compared to venom alone (50.3% ± 5.4% of fibers damaged; n = 3), and preincubation of TM with venom significantly attenuated the venom-induced damage (only 17% ± 3.4% of fibers damaged; n = 3; p < 0.05 compared to venom alone). TM showed no mutagenicity in the Ames test using Salmonella strains TA98 and TA97a with (+S9) and without (-S9) metabolic activation. These findings indicate that TM is a potentially useful compound for antagonizing the neuromuscular effects (neurotoxicity and myotoxicity) of B. jararacussu venom.

Nebivolol Reduces Central Blood Pressure In Stage I Hypertensive Patients: Experimental Single Cohort Study.

Assessment of central blood pressure (BP) has grown substantially over recent years because evidence has shown that central BP is more relevant to cardiovascular outcomes than peripheral BP. Thus, different classes of antihypertensive drugs have different effects on central BP despite similar reductions in brachial BP. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of nebivolol, a β-blocker with vasodilator properties, on the biochemical and hemodynamic parameters of hypertensive patients. Experimental single cohort study conducted in the outpatient clinic of a university hospital. Twenty-six patients were recruited. All of them underwent biochemical and hemodynamic evaluation (BP, heart rate (HR), central BP and augmentation index) before and after 3 months of using nebivolol. 88.5% of the patients were male; their mean age was 49.7 ± 9.3 years and most of them were overweight (29.6 ± 3.1 kg/m2) with large abdominal waist (102.1 ± 7.2 cm). There were significant decreases in peripheral systolic BP (P = 0.0020), diastolic BP (P = 0.0049), HR (P < 0.0001) and central BP (129.9 ± 12.3 versus 122.3 ± 10.3 mmHg; P = 0.0083) after treatment, in comparison with the baseline values. There was no statistical difference in the augmentation index or in the biochemical parameters, from before to after the treatment. Nebivolol use seems to be associated with significant reduction of central BP in stage I hypertensive patients, in addition to reductions in brachial systolic and diastolic BP.

Predictive Value Of Phase I Trials For Safety In Later Trials And Final Approved Dose: Analysis Of 61 Approved Cancer Drugs.

Phase I trials use a small number of patients to define a maximum tolerated dose (MTD) and the safety of new agents. We compared data from phase I and registration trials to determine whether early trials predicted later safety and final dose. We searched the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) website for drugs approved in nonpediatric cancers (January 1990-October 2012). The recommended phase II dose (R2PD) and toxicities from phase I were compared with doses and safety in later trials. In 62 of 85 (73%) matched trials, the dose from the later trial was within 20% of the RP2D. In a multivariable analysis, phase I trials of targeted agents were less predictive of the final approved dose (OR, 0.2 for adopting ± 20% of the RP2D for targeted vs. other classes; P = 0.025). Of the 530 clinically relevant toxicities in later trials, 70% (n = 374) were described in phase I. A significant relationship (P = 0.0032) between increasing the number of patients in phase I (up to 60) and the ability to describe future clinically relevant toxicities was observed. Among 28,505 patients in later trials, the death rate that was related to drug was 1.41%. In conclusion, dosing based on phase I trials was associated with a low toxicity-related death rate in later trials. The ability to predict relevant toxicities correlates with the number of patients on the initial phase I trial. The final dose approved was within 20% of the RP2D in 73% of assessed trials.

Pyrimidine-5'-nucleotidase Campinas, A New Mutation (p.r56g) In The Nt5c3 Gene Associated With Pyrimidine-5'-nucleotidase Type I Deficiency And Influence Of Gilbert's Syndrome On Clinical Expression.

Pyrimidine-5'-nucleotidase type I (P5'NI) deficiency is an autosomal recessive condition that causes nonspherocytic hemolytic anemia, characterized by marked basophilic stippling and pyrimidine nucleotide accumulation in erythrocytes. We herein present two African descendant patients, father and daughter, with P5'N deficiency, both born from first cousins. Investigation of the promoter polymorphism of the uridine diphospho glucuronosyl transferase 1A (UGT1A) gene revealed that the father was homozygous for the allele (TA7) and the daughter heterozygous (TA6/TA7). P5'NI gene (NT5C3) gene sequencing revealed a further change in homozygosity at amino acid position 56 (p.R56G), located in a highly conserved region. Both patients developed gallstones; however the father, who had undergone surgery for the removal of stones, had extremely severe intrahepatic cholestasis and, liver biopsy revealed fibrosis and siderosis grade III, leading us to believe that the homozygosity of the UGT1A polymorphism was responsible for the more severe clinical features in the father. Moreover, our results show how the clinical expression of hemolytic anemia is influenced by epistatic factors and we describe a new mutation in the P5'N gene associated with enzyme deficiency, iron overload, and severe gallstone formation. To our knowledge, this is the first description of P5'N deficiency in South Americans.

Effects Of Partial Inhibition Of Respiratory Complex I On H2o 2 Production By Isolated Brain Mitochondria In Different Respiratory States.

The aim of this work was to characterize the effects of partial inhibition of respiratory complex I by rotenone on H2O2 production by isolated rat brain mitochondria in different respiratory states. Flow cytometric analysis of membrane potential in isolated mitochondria indicated that rotenone leads to uniform respiratory inhibition when added to a suspension of mitochondria. When mitochondria were incubated in the presence of a low concentration of rotenone (10 nm) and NADH-linked substrates, oxygen consumption was reduced from 45.9 ± 1.0 to 26.4 ± 2.6 nmol O2 mg(-1) min(-1) and from 7.8 ± 0.3 to 6.3 ± 0.3 nmol O2 mg(-1) min(-1) in respiratory states 3 (ADP-stimulated respiration) and 4 (resting respiration), respectively. Under these conditions, mitochondrial H2O2 production was stimulated from 12.2 ± 1.1 to 21.0 ± 1.2 pmol H2O2 mg(-1) min(-1) and 56.5 ± 4.7 to 95.0 ± 11.1 pmol H2O2 mg(-1) min(-1) in respiratory states 3 and 4, respectively. Similar results were observed when comparing mitochondrial preparations enriched with synaptic or nonsynaptic mitochondria or when 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium ion (MPP(+)) was used as a respiratory complex I inhibitor. Rotenone-stimulated H2O2 production in respiratory states 3 and 4 was associated with a high reduction state of endogenous nicotinamide nucleotides. In succinate-supported mitochondrial respiration, where most of the mitochondrial H2O2 production relies on electron backflow from complex II to complex I, low rotenone concentrations inhibited H2O2 production. Rotenone had no effect on mitochondrial elimination of micromolar concentrations of H2O2. The present results support the conclusion that partial complex I inhibition may result in mitochondrial energy crisis and oxidative stress, the former being predominant under oxidative phosphorylation and the latter under resting respiration conditions.

National Institutes Of Health Consensus Development Project On Criteria For Clinical Trials In Chronic Graft-versus-host Disease: I. The 2014 Diagnosis And Staging Working Group Report.

The 2005 National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference proposed new criteria for diagnosing and scoring the severity of chronic graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). The 2014 NIH consensus maintains the framework of the prior consensus with further refinement based on new evidence. Revisions have been made to address areas of controversy or confusion, such as the overlap chronic GVHD subcategory and the distinction between active disease and past tissue damage. Diagnostic criteria for involvement of mouth, eyes, genitalia, and lungs have been revised. Categories of chronic GVHD should be defined in ways that indicate prognosis, guide treatment, and define eligibility for clinical trials. Revisions have been made to focus attention on the causes of organ-specific abnormalities. Attribution of organ-specific abnormalities to chronic GVHD has been addressed. This paradigm shift provides greater specificity and more accurately measures the global burden of disease attributed to GVHD, and it will facilitate biomarker association studies.