8-month non-use of a language. A case tudy. A longitudinal study of the effects on non use of one of the languages (Spanish) of a German L1 multilingual

Under the Dynamic Model of Multilingualism multilinguals are especially vulnerable to language attrition. It was the aim of the present study to verify if this was the case and to observe whether the different linguistic skills (receptive vs. descriptive) and the different linguistic levels (syntactic, lexical, morphological, etc.) would be affected equally.Data were gathered longitudinally by means of a language test for the subject’s reading, writing, listening and speaking skills as well as her knowledge of grammar and vocabulary. Although the overall accuracy remained intact and no proof for attrition in the receptive skills was found, the productive skills - mainly fluency - were shown to have suffered from language attrition. This was demonstrated by an increase in the number of pauses, hesitations, repetitions and self-corrections among others and decrease in the percentage of error-free clauses and decrease in the clause length, in oral and written fluency respectively.

Wörter stehen da einige. On nominal split topicalization in non-standard viennese german

This work investigates the syntactic, semantic, and pragmatic properties of nominal Split Topicalization (ST) constructions in Standard and non-Standard German. The topic phrase denotes a property, and the MF phrase either modifies this property or picks out a specific entity. Semantically, the topic phrase will be analysed as a property-denoting expression which restricts the denotation of the verbal predicate, while the MF phrase is composed either via specify or restrict (cf. Chung and Ladusaw, 2003). Syntactically, the base position of the topic phrase is the (incorporating) verb, and the MF phrase is generated independently as the complement of the verb containing an empty pronoun. Since predicates introduce abstract discourse referents, the topic phrase can be resumed via "pro" in the MF phrase.

LDLs induce fibroblast spreading independently of the LDL receptor via activation of the p38 MAPK pathway.

Because adventitial fibroblasts play an important role in the repair of blood vessels, we assessed whether elevation in LDL concentrations would affect fibroblast function and whether this depended on activation of intracellular signaling pathways. We show here that in primary human fibroblasts, LDLs induced transient activation of the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway, but not the c-Jun N-terminal kinase MAPK pathway. This activation did not require the recruitment of the LDL receptor (LDLR), because LDLs efficiently stimulated the p38 MAPK pathway in human and mouse fibroblasts lacking functional LDLR, and because receptor-associated protein, an LDLR family antagonist, did not block the LDL-induced p38 activation. LDL particles also induced lamellipodia formation and cell spreading. These effects were blocked by SB203580, a specific p38 inhibitor. Our data demonstrate that LDLs can regulate the shape of fibroblasts in a p38 MAPK-dependent manner, a mechanism that may participate in wound healing or vessel remodeling as in atherosclerosis.

A non-interventional phase IV Belgian survey to assess the antiviral effectiveness of pegylated interferon-alpha-2b and ribavirin treatment according to the stage of liver fibrosis in previously untreated patients with genotype 1/4/5/6 chronic hepatitis C (PRACTICE).

BACKGROUND AND STUDY AIMS: This was an observational, non-interventional, multicenter, phase IV study, in patients with genotype 1/4/5/6 chronic hepatitis C (CHC). The primary objectives were to evaluate SVR in patients with no or minimal fibrosis (METAVIR F0-F1) versus well established fibrosis (F2-F4), and to estimate response on Weeks 12, 24 and 48 on treatment in previously untreated patients with genotypes 1/4/5/6 CHC. PATIENTS AND METHODS: 538 patients treated with pegylated interferon alfa 2b 1.5 mcg/kg in combination with ribavirin 800-1200 mg/day were enrolled in 55 sites in Belgium and Luxembourg, 505 being considered for the analysis. 40% of the patients were female and 60% male, the average age was 47.5 years, 10.5% were 65 or older. RESULTS: SVR was observed in 35% of the patients, EVR in 68%, of which pEVR in 33% and cEVR in 35%. SVR was observed in 43% of the low fibrosis group (F0, F1) and 30% of the high fibrosis group (F2, F3, F4) (p = 0.005). SVR rates were 34% for genotype 1, 37% for genotype 4, and 47% for genotype 5 (NS). Multivariate analysis showed that EVR and baseline METAVIR score are independent prognostic factors for SVR. CONCLUSIONS: This trial confirms that fibrosis stage and early viral response are the most important key-factors to predict sustained response, suggesting that the earlier patients are treated, the better the outcome. Non-invasive techniques enable us to closely monitor progression of fibrosis, allowing a better selection of patients for antiviral treatment in the DAA-era.

Assaying the regulatory potential of mammalian conserved non-coding sequences in human cells.

BACKGROUND: Conserved non-coding sequences in the human genome are approximately tenfold more abundant than known genes, and have been hypothesized to mark the locations of cis-regulatory elements. However, the global contribution of conserved non-coding sequences to the transcriptional regulation of human genes is currently unknown. Deeply conserved elements shared between humans and teleost fish predominantly flank genes active during morphogenesis and are enriched for positive transcriptional regulatory elements. However, such deeply conserved elements account for <1% of the conserved non-coding sequences in the human genome, which are predominantly mammalian. RESULTS: We explored the regulatory potential of a large sample of these 'common' conserved non-coding sequences using a variety of classic assays, including chromatin remodeling, and enhancer/repressor and promoter activity. When tested across diverse human model cell types, we find that the fraction of experimentally active conserved non-coding sequences within any given cell type is low (approximately 5%), and that this proportion increases only modestly when considered collectively across cell types. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that classic assays of cis-regulatory potential are unlikely to expose the functional potential of the substantial majority of mammalian conserved non-coding sequences in the human genome.

Non-Quasi-Competitiveness and Stability in Cournot's Model

This paper retakes previous work of the authors, about the relationship between non-quasi-competitiveness (the increase in price caused by an increase in the number of oligopolists) and stability of the equilibrium in the classical Cournot oligopoly model. Though it has been widely accepted in the literature that the loss of quasi-competitiveness is linked, in the long run as new firms entered the market, to instability of the model, the authors in their previous work put forward a model in which a situation of monopoly changed to duopoly losing quasi-competitiveness but maintaining the stability of the equilibrium. That model could not, at the time, be extended to any number of oligopolists. The present paper exhibits such an extension. An oligopoly model is shown in which the loss of quasi-competitiveness resists the presence in the market of as many firms as one wishes and where the successive Cournot's equilibrium points are unique and asymptotically stable. In this way, for the first time, the conjecture that non-quasi- competitiveness and instability were equivalent in the long run, is proved false.

Cerebral extracellular lactate increase is predominantly non ischemic in patients with severe traumatic brain injury

Le cerveau est l'organe avec les besoins en énergie les plus élevés du corps humain, et le glucose est un substrat énergétique cérébral essentiel. Ces dernières décennies, la compréhension de la neuroénergétique a beaucoup évolué et un rôle du lactate comme substrat énergétique important a été mis en évidence, notamment suite à l'introduction du modèle de l'ANLS (astrocyte-neuron lactate shuttle). Selon celui-ci, les astrocytes convertissent le glucose en lactate par réaction de glycolyse, puis il est transporté jusqu'aux neurones qui l'utilisent comme source d'énergie à travers le cycle de Krebs. Chez l'homme, divers travaux récents ont montré que le lactate peut servir de « carburant » cérébral chez le sujet sain, après effort intense ou chez le patient diabétique. La régulation métabolique et le rôle du lactate après lésion cérébrale aiguë sont encore peu connus. Présentation de l'article Le but de ce travail a été d'étudier le métabolisme cérébral du lactate chez les patients atteints de traumatisme crânien (TCC) sévère. Nous avons émis l'hypothèse que l'augmentation du lactate cérébral chez ces patients n'était pas associée de manière prédominante à une hypoxie ou une ischémie mais plutôt à une glycolyse aérobie, et également à une perfusion cérébrale normale. L'étude a porté sur une cohorte prospective de 24 patients avec TCC sévère admis au service de médecine intensive du CHUV (centre hospitalier universitaire vaudois), monitorés par un système combinant microdialyse cérébrale (outil permettant de mesurer divers métabolites cérébraux, tels que le lactate, le pyruvate et le glucose), mesure de la pression cérébrale en oxygène et de la pression intracrânienne. Cet outil nous a permis de déterminer si l'élévation du lactate était principalement associée à une glycolyse active ou plutôt à une hypoxie. L'utilisation du CTde perfusion a permis d'évaluer la relation entre les deux patterns d'élévation du lactate (glycolytique ou hypoxique) et la perfusion cérébrale globale. Nos résultats ont montré que l'augmentation du lactate cérébral chez les patients avec TCC sévère était associée de manière prédominante à une glycolyse aérobie plutôt qu'à une hypoxie/ischémie. D'autre part, nous avons pu confirmer que les épisodes de lactate glycolytique étaient toujours associés à une perfusion cérébrale normale ou augmentée, alors que les épisodes de lactate hypoxique étaient associés à une hypoperfusion cérébrale. Conclusions et perspectives Nos résultats, qui ont permis de mieux comprendre le métabolisme cérébral du lactate chez les patients avec TCC sévère, soutiennent le concept que le lactate est produit dans des conditions aérobes et pourrait donc être utilisé comme source d'énergie par le cerveau lésé pour subvenir à des besoins augmentas. Etant donné que la dysfonction énergétique est une des probables causes de perte neuronale après traumatisme crânien, ces résultats ouvrent des perspectives thérapeutiques nouvelles après agression cérébrale chez l'homme, visant à tester un potentiel effet neuroprotecteur via l'administration de lactate exogène.