English as a medium of instruction in teaching other languages: attitudes and practices

Internationalisation of HE and emergence of English as a global academic lingua franca used by people who share neither a common native tongue nor cultural and educational background have not only offered more opportunities but also raised challenges. According to recent European surveys, the percentage of pupils attaining the level of independent user in English varies from 14% to 82%, which evidences the potential and the complexity for English as a medium of instruction at tertiary level. This study aims to present the model of foreign language instruction at Vytautas Magnus University where one third of 30 languages are taught through English. It investigates the attitudes and practices of teachers in delivering their English-medium language courses by discussing the questions whether teaching other languages through English is psychologically, culturally and educationally preferable for teachers and students, whether it can limit the content taught and require a special methodology, how the teaching process changes with multiple languages used in the classroom and what level of English is necessary for teachers and students to ensure high quality of English-medium language teaching. The study is based on qualitative methodology with 12 language teachers participating as respondents. The results reveal areas in need of improvement.

Patients' understanding of blood tests and attitudes to HIV screening in the emergency department of a Swiss teaching hospital: a cross-sectional observational study.

BACKGROUND: In Switzerland, patients may undergo "blood tests" without being informed what these are screening for. Inadequate doctor-patient communication may result in patient misunderstanding. We examined what patients in the emergency department (ED) believed they had been screened for and explored their attitudes to routine (non-targeted) human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) screening. METHODS: Between 1st October 2012 and 28th February 2013, a questionnaire-based survey was conducted among patients aged 16-70 years old presenting to the ED of Lausanne University Hospital. Patients were asked: (1) if they believed they had been screened for HIV; (2) if they agreed in principle to routine HIV screening and (3) if they agreed to be HIV tested during their current ED visit. RESULTS: Of 466 eligible patients, 411 (88%) agreed to participate. Mean age was 46 ± 16 years; 192 patients (47%) were women; 366 (89%) were Swiss or European; 113 (27%) believed they had been screened for HIV, the proportion increasing with age (p ≤0.01), 297 (72%) agreed in principle with routine HIV testing in the ED, and 138 patients (34%) agreed to be HIV tested during their current ED visit. CONCLUSION: In this ED population, 27% believed incorrectly they had been screened for HIV. Over 70% agreed in principle with routine HIV testing and 34% agreed to be tested during their current visit. These results demonstrate willingness among patients concerning routine HIV testing in the ED and highlight a need for improved doctor-patient communication about what a blood test specifically screens for.

Smoking behaviour, involuntary smoking, attitudes towards smoke-free legislations, and tobacco control activities in the European Union

The six most important cost-effective policies on tobacco control can be measured by the Tobacco Control Scale (TCS). The objective of our study was to describe the correlation between the TCS and smoking prevalence, self-reported exposure to secondhand smoke (SHS) and attitudes towards smoking restrictions in the 27 countries of the European Union (EU27).

Detecting Heterogeneous Risk Attitudes with Mixed Gambles

We propose a task for eliciting attitudes toward risk that is close to real-world risky decisions which typically involve gains and losses. The task consists of accepting or rejecting gambles that provide a gain with probability p and a loss with probability 1−p . We employ finite mixture models to uncover heterogeneity in risk preferences and find that (i) behavior is heterogeneous, with one half of the subjects behaving as expected utility maximizers, (ii) for the others, reference-dependent models perform better than those where subjects derive utility from final outcomes, (iii) models with sign-dependent decision weights perform better than those without, and (iv) there is no evidence for loss aversion. The procedure is sufficiently simple so that it can be easily used in field or lab experiments where risk elicitation is not the main experiment.

Illustration de systèmes de surveillance de deuxième génération du VIH et IST à travers une étude de comportement et une étude de séroprévalence dans les Territoires français du Pacifique Sud

Ce mémoire se penche sur la prévalence du VIH/SIDA et d'autres IST [infections sexuellement transmissibles] parmi les jeunes dans les Territoires français du Pacifique Sud. Le présent rapport expose les principes des SDG [systèmes de surveillance de deuxième génération], illustrés par deux types d'enquêtes : une enquête de comportements et une enquête de séroprévalence. [...] L'enquête de comportements intitulée: "Enquête sur les attitudes, comportements et croyance du VIH/SIDA parmi les jeunes âgés de 15-24 ans à Wallis et Futuna", s'est déroulée en 2006. C'est la première étude comportementale réalisée sur le territoire, elle a regroupé 199 jeunes, majoritairement scolarisés au lycée général ou en section professionnelle. L'enquête de prévalence du VIH et IST parmi les femmes enceintes se présentant à leur première consultation prénatale en Nouvelle-Calédonie s'est étendue sur une année de 2005 à 2006. C'est aussi la première du genre réalisée sur le teentoire. Elle a permis d'interroger 160 femmes, réparties dans cinq centres de recrutement. Les conclusions de ces deux enquêtes désignent les jeunes comme étant une population vulnérable au risque d'infection p z le TrIH. En effet on note : - Un manque crucial de connaissances aussi bien sur les modes de transmission que de prévention du VIH [...] - Des comportements à risque importants [faible utilisation du préservatif et augmentation des abus d'alcool] [...] - Pourcentage élevé des IST parmi les jeunes - Faible taux de dépistages volontaires [Auteure, p. 7-8]