A intervenção precoce: uma aliada dos cuidados de saúde prestados nas Unidades de Cuidados Intensivos Neonatais?

Dissertação de mestrado em Educação Especial (área de especialização em Intervenção Precoce)

Incorporation of hybrid phase change materials in plastering mortars for increased energy efficiency in buildings

Tese de Doutoramento em Engenharia Civil.

La biodiversidad microbiana del suelo y su rol en el manejo de enfermedades causadas por hongos de suelo en soja. Soil microbial diversity and its key role in the management of soybean diseases caused by fungi.

Las poblaciones microbianas juegan un rol fundamental en la estabilidad de los sistemas agrícolas e indican los niveles de salud de un suelo, tanto que pueden ser utilizadas como indicadores de sustentabilidad de un agroecosistema. Los microorganismos reflejan el efecto que tienen las prácticas agrícolas sobre el suelo a través de modificaciones en la abundancia (biodiversidad estructural) y actividades de sus poblaciones (como control biológico de los patógenos, entre otras). Al cuantificarse la biodiversidad microbiana nativa se puede conocer la riqueza de un agroecosistema y utilizarla para el manejo sustentable de hongos patógenos. En este trabajo se evaluará el efecto de la rotación de cultivo (soja-maíz y soja en monocultivo) y los sistemas de labranza (siembra directa y labranzas reducida) sobre la biodiversidad microbiana. Se cuantificarán a partir de suelo: poblaciones de hongos y bacterias totales; agentes potenciales de biocontrol de como Trichoderma spp., Gliocladium spp. y micorrizas vesículo arbusculares (mediante la cuantificación de glomalina), biomasa y respiracion microbiana, y la biodiversidad de comunidades de microorganismos que habitan en el suelo mediante el análisis de perfiles de ácidos grasos (PLFA). Al final del ciclo de cultivo de soja se cuantificará la incidencia de enfermedades causadas por hongos de suelo. Dada la gran abundancia y diversidad de los microorganismos del suelo, las metodologías que se emplearán permitirán obtener información global de la riqueza microbiana de un agro-ecosistema. Se relacionará la biodiversidad microbiana con la incidencia de enfermedades por hongos de suelo, en respuesta a diferentes prácticas de manejo. Esto permitirá aprender a combinar las tecnologías para mejorar los beneficios de la produccion y preservar el agroecosistema en el marco de una agricultura sustentable, y no de una agricultura sostenida por insumos.

Avaliação da hipertensão arterial resistente pela monitorização residencial da pressão arterial

FUNDAMENTO: A monitorização ambulatorial da pressão arterial (MAPA) é considerada o padrão-ouro para a confirmação diagnóstica da hipertensão arterial resistente (HAR). No entanto, a monitorização residencial da pressão arterial (MRPA) tem sido considerada uma opção, pelo seu custo menor e maior conforto. OBJETIVO: Comparar os valores obtidos pela MRPA com os obtidos pela MAPA na identificação de pacientes hipertensos resistentes. MÉTODOS: Foram selecionados consecutivamente 51 pacientes hipertensos resistentes, adultos de ambos os sexos, em tratamento ambulatorial de referência, de jan/2007 a set/2009. A medida da pressão arterial (PA) casual de consultório, MAPA de 24 horas e MRPA foram realizadas conforme as diretrizes vigentes, com intervalo máximo de duas semanas entre os métodos. RESULTADOS: Ao comparar a MAPA (média de vigília) e MRPA, foi obtida boa correlação entre ambas, tanto para a pressão arterial sistólica (PAS) quanto para a diastólica (PAD): PAS r = 0,70, IC = 0,51-0,82; PAD r = 0,69, IC = 0,52-0,81. A HAR foi confirmada pela MAPA em 33 pacientes e pela MRPA em 37 desses, não havendo diferença significante entre os dois métodos. CONCLUSÃO: De acordo com os resultados obtidos, conclui-se que a MRPA é um exame que pode ser utilizado como alternativa à MAPA para a confirmação diagnóstica da HAR.

Prevalência de obesidade visceral estimada por equação preditiva em mulheres jovens pernambucanas

FUNDAMENTO: O acúmulo de gordura visceral é considerado o principal fator de risco para doenças cardiovasculares e metabólicas. OBJETIVO: Determinar a prevalência de obesidade visceral e avaliar sua associação com fatores de risco cardiovasculares em mulheres jovens do Estado de Pernambuco. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal, realizado com dados da "III Pesquisa Estadual de Saúde e Nutrição", envolvendo mulheres entre 25 e 36 anos. Avaliaram-se as variáveis: Índice de Massa Corporal (IMC), Circunferência da Cintura (CC), Razão Cintura-Estatura (RCE), Volume de Gordura Visceral (VGV) estimado por equação preditiva, Pressão Arterial Sistólica e Diastólica (PAS, PAD), Colesterol Total (CT), Triglicerídeo (TG), Glicemia de Jejum (GJ). RESULTADOS: Foram avaliadas 517 mulheres, com mediana de idade de 29 anos (27-32) e prevalência de obesidade visceral de 30,6%. Valores de IMC, PAS, PAD e TG foram superiores no grupo com obesidade visceral: IMC = 28,0 kg/m² (25,0 - 21,4) vs 23,9 kg/m² (21,5 - 26,4); PAS = 120,0 mmHg (110,0 - 130,0) vs 112,0 mmHg (100,0 - 122,0); PAD = 74 mmHg (70 - 80) vs 70 mmHg (63 - 80); TG = 156,0 mg/dL (115,0 - 203,2) vs 131,0 mg/dL (104,0 - 161,0), respectivamente, p < 0,01. Idade, PAS, PAD, TG e CT apresentaram correlação positiva e significante com o VGV: r = 0,171; 0,224; 0,163; 0,278; 0,124; respectivamente, p < 0,005. CONCLUSÃO: Verificou-se uma elevada prevalência de obesidade visceral, estando estatisticamente correlacionada a fatores de risco cardiovasculares.

Pressao arterial elevada em criancas e sua correlacao com tres definicoes de obesidade infantil

FUNDAMENTO: Diversos autores correlacionaram o aumento do risco cardiovascular com o estado nutricional, porém existem diferentes critérios para a classificação de sobrepeso e obesidade em crianças. Objetivos: Avaliar o desempenho de três critérios de classificação nutricional em crianças, como definidores da presença de obesidade e preditores de níveis pressóricos elevados em escolares. MÉTODOS: Oitocentas e dezessete crianças de 6 a 13 anos matriculadas em escolas públicas do município de Vila Velha (ES) foram submetidas a avaliação antropométrica e de pressão arterial. A classificação quanto ao estado nutricional foi estabelecida mediante dois critérios internacionais (CDC/NCHS 2000 e IOTF 2000) e um critério brasileiro (Conde e Monteiro 2006). RESULTADOS: A prevalência de excesso de peso foi maior quando utilizado o critério de Conde e Monteiro (27%), e menor pelo critério do IOTF (15%). Pressão arterial elevada foi observada em 7,3% das crianças. Identificou-se forte associação entre a presença de excesso de peso e a ocorrência de níveis pressóricos elevados, independentemente do critério utilizado (p < 0,001). O critério que demonstrou maior sensibilidade em prever PA elevada foi o de Conde e Monteiro (44%), enquanto o de maior especificidade (94%), além de maior acurácia geral (63%), foi o do CDC. CONCLUSÕES: A prevalência de excesso de peso em crianças brasileiras é maior quando utilizado o critério de classificação de Conde e Monteiro, e menor quando utilizado o critério do IOTF. O critério de classificação brasileiro demonstrou ser o mais sensível como preditor de risco de PA elevada nessa amostra.

Análise do tamanho e da forma do ôvo em galinhas das raças Rhode Island Red e Light Sussex e do híbrido entre essas duas raças

Size and shape in eggs of Rhode Island Red and Light Sussex breeds and in the hibrid Rhode x Sussex were studied. These characters are influenced by quantitative genes. Major and minor diameter were used for estimating size of the eggs and the ratio minor/major diameter for shape indice. It was found, in the material analyzed, that: a) the eggs laid by the sa- me chick are pratically uniform; b) the correlation coeficient between major and minor diameter is weak; c) Rhode Island Red has short eggs than Light Sussex; d) short eggs is dominant on long eggs; e) egg shape is the same in Rhode Island Red and Light Sussex breeds and different in the hibrid, which has rounder eggs than the breeds.

Bases para o estudo da genética de populações dos Hymenoptera em geral e dos Apinae sociais em particular

This paper deals with problems on population genetics in Hymenoptera and particularly in social Apidae. 1) The studies on populations of Hymenoptera were made according to the two basic types of reproduction: endogamy and panmixia. The populations of social Apinae have a mixed method of reproduction with higher percentage of panmixia and a lower of endogamy. This is shown by the following a) males can enter any hive in swarming time; b) males of Meliponini are expelled from hives which does not need them, and thus, are forced to look for some other place; c) Meliponini males were seen powdering themselves with pollen, thus becoming more acceptable in any other hive. The panmixia is not complete owing to the fact that the density of the breeding population as very low, even in the more frequent species as low as about 2 females and 160 males per reproductive area. We adopted as selection values (or survival indices) the expressions according to Brieger (1948,1950) which may be summarised as follows; a population: p2AA + ²pq Aa + q2aa became after selection: x p2AA + 2pq Aa + z q²aa. For alge-braics facilities Brieger divided the three selective values by y giving thus: x/y p2 AA + y/y 2 pq Aa + z/y q²aa. He called x/y of RA and z/y of Ra, that are survival or selective index, calculated in relation to the heterozygote. In our case all index were calculated in relation to the heterozygote, including the ones for haploid males; thus we have: RA surveval index of genotype AA Ra surveval index of genotype aa R'A surveval index of genotype A R'a surveval index of genotype a 1 surveval index of genotype Aa The index R'A ande R'a were equalized to RA and Ra, respectively, for facilities in the conclusions. 2) Panmitic populations of Hymenoptera, barring mutations, migrations and selection, should follow the Hardy-Weinberg law, thus all gens will be present in the population in the inicial frequency (see Graphifc 1). 3) Heterotic genes: If mutation for heterotic gene ( 1 > RA > Ra) occurs, an equilibrium will be reached in a population when: P = R A + Ra - 2R²a _____________ (9) 2(R A + Ra - R²A - R²a q = R A + Ra - 2R²A _____________ (10) 2(R A + Ra - R²A - R²a A heterotic gene in an hymenopteran population may be maintained without the aid of new mutation only if the survival index of the most viable mutant (RA) does not exced the limiting value given by the formula: R A = 1 + √1+Ra _________ 4 If RA has a value higher thah the one permitted by the formula, then only the more viable gene will remain present in the population (see Graphic 10). The only direct proof for heterotic genes in Hymenoptera was given by Mackensen and Roberts, who obtained offspring from Apis mellefera L. queens fertilized by their own sons. Such inbreeding resulted in a rapid loss of vigor the colony; inbred lines intercrossed gave a high hybrid vigor. Other fats correlated with the "heterosis" problem are; a) In a colony M. quadrifasciata Lep., which suffered severely from heat, the percentage of deths omong males was greater .than among females; b) Casteel and Phillips had shown that in their samples (Apis melifera L). the males had 7 times more abnormalities tian the workers (see Quadros IV to VIII); c) just after emerging the males have great variation, but the older ones show a variation equal to that of workers; d) The tongue lenght of males of Apis mellifera L., of Bombus rubicundus Smith (Quadro X), of Melipona marginata Lep. (Quadro XI), and of Melipona quadrifasciata Lep. Quadro IX, show greater variationthan that of workers of the respective species. If such variation were only caused by subviables genes a rapid increasse of homozigoty for the most viable alleles should be expected; then, these .wild populations, supposed to be in equilibrium, could .not show such variability among males. Thus we conclude that heterotic genes have a grat importance in these cases. 4) By means of mathematical models, we came to the conclusion tht isolating genes (Ra ^ Ra > 1), even in the case of mutations with more adaptability, have only the opor-tunity of survival when the population number is very low (thus the frequency of the gene in the breeding population will be large just after its appearence). A pair of such alleles can only remain present in a population when in border regions of two races or subspecies. For more details see Graphics 5 to 8. 5) Sex-limited genes affecting only females, are of great importance toHymenoptera, being subject to the same limits and formulas as diploid panmitic populations (see formulas 12 and 13). The following examples of these genes were given: a) caste-determining genes in the genus Melipona; b) genes permiting an easy response of females to differences in feeding in almost all social Hymenoptera; c) two genes, found in wild populations, one in Trigona (Plebéia) mosquito F. SMITH (quadro XII) and other in Melipona marginata marginata LEP. (Quadro XIII, colonies 76 and 56) showing sex-limited effects. Sex-limited genes affecting only males do not contribute to the plasticity or genie reserve in hymenopteran populations (see formula 14). 6) The factor time (life span) in Hymenoptera has a particular importance for heterotic genes. Supposing one year to be the time unit and a pair of heterotic genes with respective survival indice equal to RA = 0, 90 and Ra = 0,70 to be present; then if the life time of a population is either one or two years, only the more viable gene will remain present (see formula 11). If the species has a life time of three years, then both alleles will be maintained. Thus we conclude that in specis with long lif-time, the heterotic genes have more importance, and should be found more easily. 7) The colonies of social Hymenoptera behave as units in competition, thus in the studies of populations one must determine the survival index, of these units which may be subdivided in indice for egg-laying, for adaptive value of the queen, for working capacity of workers, etc. 8) A study of endogamic hymenopteran populations, reproduced by sister x brother mating (fig. 2), lead us to the following conclusions: a) without selection, a population, heterozygous for one pair of alleles, will consist after some generations (theoretically after an infinite number of generation) of females AA fecundated with males A and females aa fecundated with males a (see Quadro I). b) Even in endogamic population there is the theoretical possibility of the presence of heterotic genes, at equilibrium without the aid of new mutations (see Graphics 11 and 12), but the following! conditions must be satisfied: I - surveval index of both homozygotes (RA e Ra) should be below 0,75 (see Graphic 13); II - The most viable allele must riot exced the less viable one by more than is permited by the following formula (Pimentel Gomes 1950) (see Gra-fic 14) : 4 R5A + 8 Ra R4A - 4 Ra R³A (Ra - 1) R²A - - R²a (4 R²a + 4 Ra - 1) R A + 2 R³a < o Considering these two conditions, the existance of heterotic genes in endogamic populations of Hymenoptera \>ecames very improbable though not - impossible. 9) Genie mutation offects more hymenopteran than diploid populations. Thus we have for lethal genes in diploid populations: u = q2, and in Hymenoptera: u = s, being u the mutation ratio and s the frequency of the mutant in the male population. 10) Three factors, important to competition among species of Meliponini were analysed: flying capacity of workers, food gathering capacity of workers, egg-laying of the queen. In this connection we refer to the variability of the tongue lenght observed in colonies from several localites, to the method of transporting the pollen in the stomach, from some pots (Melliponi-ni storage alveolus) to others (e. g. in cases of pillage), and to the observation that the species with the most populous hives are almost always the most frequent ones also. 11) Several defensive ways used for Meliponini to avoid predation are cited, but special references are made upon the camouflage of both hive (fig. 5) and hive entrance (fig. 4) and on the mimetism (see list in page ). Also under the same heading we described the method of Lestrimelitta for pillage. 12) As mechanisms important for promoting genetic plasticity of hymenopteran species we cited: a) cytological variations and b) genie reserve. As to the former, duplications and numerical variations of chromosomes were studied. Diprion simile ATC was cited as example for polyploidy. Apis mellife-ra L. (n •= 16) also sugests polyploid origen since: a) The genus Melipona, which belongs to a" related tribe, presents in all species so far studied n = 9 chromosomes and b) there occurs formation of dyads in the firt spermatocyte division. It is su-gested that the origin of the sex-chromosome of Apis mellifera It. may be related to the possible origin of diplo-tetraploidy in this species. With regards to the genie reserve, several possible types of mutants were discussed. They were classified according to their survival indices; the heterotic and neutral mutants must be considered as more important for the genie reserve. 13) The mean radius from a mother to a daghter colony was estimated as 100 meters. Since the Meliponini hives swarm only once a year we may take 100 meters a year as the average dispersion of female Meliponini in ocordance to data obtained from Trigona (tetragonisca) jaty F. SMITH and Melipona marginata LEP., while other species may give different values. For males the flying distance was roughly estimated to be 10 times that for females. A review of the bibliography on Meliponini swarm was made (pg. 43 to 47) and new facts added. The population desity (breeding population) corresponds in may species of Meliponini to one male and one female per 10.000 square meters. Apparently the males are more frequent than the females, because there are sometimes many thousands, of males in a swarm; but for the genie frequency the individuals which have descendants are the ones computed. In the case of Apini and Meliponini, only one queen per hive and the males represented by. the spermatozoos in its spermateca are computed. In Meliponini only one male mate with the queen, while queens of Apis mellijera L. are fecundated by an average of about 1, 5 males. (Roberts, 1944). From the date cited, one clearly sees that, on the whole, populations of wild social bees (Meliponini) are so small that the Sewall Wright effect may become of great importance. In fact applying the Wright's formula: f = ( 1/aN♂ + 1/aN♀) (1 - 1/aN♂ + 1/aN♀) which measures the fixation and loss of genes per generation, we see that the fixation or loss of genes is of about 7% in the more frequent species, and rarer species about 11%. The variation in size, tergite color, background color, etc, of Melipona marginata Lep. is atributed to this genetic drift. A detail, important to the survival of Meliponini species, is the Constance of their breeding population. This Constance is due to the social organization, i. e., to the care given to the reproductive individuals (the queen with its sperm pack), to the way of swarming, to the food storage intended to control variations of feeding supply, etc. 14) Some species of the Meliponini are adapted to various ecological conditions and inhabit large geographical areas (e. g. T. (Tetragonisca jaty F. SMITH), and Trigona (Nanno-trigona testaceicornis LEP.) while others are limited to narrow regions with special ecological conditions (e. g. M. fuscata me-lanoventer SCHWARZ). Other species still, within the same geographical region, profit different ecological conditions, as do M. marginata LEP. and M. quadrifasciata LEP. The geographical distribution of Melipona quadrifasciata LEP. is different according to the subspecies: a) subsp anthidio-des LEP. (represented in Fig. 7 by black squares) inhabits a region fron the North of the S. Paulo State to Northeastern Brazil, ,b) subspecies quadrifasciata LEP., (marked in Fig. 7 with black triangles) accurs from the South of S. Paulo State to the middle of the State of Rio Grande do Sul (South Brazil). In the margined region between these two areas of distribution, hi-brid colonies were found (Fig. 7, white circles); they are shown with more details in fig. 8, while the zone of hybridization is roughly indicated in fig. 9 (gray zone). The subspecies quadrifasciata LEP., has 4 complete yellow bands on the abdominal tergites while anthidioides LEP. has interrupted ones. This character is determined by one or two genes and gives different adaptative properties to the subspecies. Figs. 10 shows certains meteorological isoclines which have aproximately the same configuration as the limits of the hybrid zone, suggesting different climatic adaptabilities for both genotypes. The exis-tance of a border zone between the areas of both subspecies, where were found a high frequency of hybrids, is explained as follows: being each subspecies adapted to a special climatic zone, we may suppose a poor adaptation of either one in the border region, which is also a region of intermediate climatic conditions. Thus, the hybrids, having a combination of the parent qualities, will be best adapted to the transition zone. Thus, the hybrids will become heterotic and an equilibrium will be reached with all genotypes present in the population in the border region.

Influência da temperatura ambiente sobre o hematócrito de vacas lactantes

Dezesseis vacas holandesas, em início de lactação, foram utilizadas para avaliar o valor nutritivo de dietas à base de bagaço de cana-de-açucar "in natura" ou tratado biologicamente. A intervalos de 14 dias foi determinado o valor do hematocrito de amostras de sangue coletadas de uma das veias do pavilhão auditivo. Verificou-se uma correlação da ordem de -0,97 entre os valores médios do hematocrito e a temperatura ambiente. Tal fato é atribuído a vasoconstrição periférica, usada como mecanismo termorregulador. Esse efeito de aumento do valor do hematocrito, sob temperaturas ambientes abaixo do conforto térmico, deve ser levado em consideração quando se comparam dados de diferentes origens.

Efeitos de reguladores e estimulantes vegetais no desenvolvimento do milho (Zea mays L. cv. c-525)

Estudou-se, sob condições de casa de vegetação, o efeito da aplicação de reguladores e estimulantes vegetais no desenvolvimento do milho cultivar Cargill -525. Os reguladores e estimulantes utilizados foram: giberelina 100 ppm, ethephon 600 ppm, Agrostemin 0,8 g/l e Triacontanol 0,5 mg/l; aplicados por pulverização 34 dias após a semeadura, além do controle, foram determinados os parâmetros relativos a altura da planta, número de folhas, área foliar e peso da materia seca de raiz, caule e folhas. A partir dos dados de área foliar e peso da matéria seca total obtidos em 4coletas realizadas com intervalos de 14 dias, foram calculadas a taxa assimilatória líquida (TAL), taxa de crescimento relativo (TCR) e razão de área foliar (RAF). Giberelina 100 ppm aumentou inicialmente a altura das plantas de milho, sendo que ethephon 600 ppm reduziu a altura média do milho. 0 número de folhas foi diminuído nas plantas tratadas com giberelina, tendendo a aumentar no tratamento com ethephon. Giberelina reduziu o peso da matéria seca das plantas de milho, sendo que ethephon incrementou o peso de raízes, colmo e folhos. Triacontanol promoveu redução na TAL e na TCR do milho 'Cargill - 525' . Giberelina e ethephon tenderam a diminuir a RAF das plantas de Zea mays L.