Floristic composition and phytogeography of the tree component of Araucaria Forest fragments in southern Brazil

The present study examined the floristic composition of three fragments of Araucaria Forest (AF) in the Planalto Catarinense region of southern Brazil as well as the floristic contextualization of these areas in relation to other remnant AF sites. Three AF fragments at different altitudes were analyzed in the municipalities of Campos Novos, Lages, and Painel. Fifty 200 m² plots were examined in each fragment and all of the trees with CBH (circumference at breast height) > 15.7 cm were identified. In order to floristically contextualize the study fragments, comparisons were made with other remnant AF sites by way of dendrograms and NMDS (Non-metric multidimensional scaling). Environmental and spatial variables were plotted on the diagram produced by the NMDS to evaluate their influence on the floristic patterns encountered. The forest fragments studied demonstrated high floristic heterogeneity, indicating that AFs cannot be considered homogeneous formations and they could be classified into 3 phytogeographical categories: i) high altitude areas influenced by cloud cover/fog, including the Painel region; ii) areas of lesser altitude and greater mean annual temperatures situated in the Paraná River basin, and iii) areas situated in the Paraná and Upper-Uruguay river basins and the smaller basins draining directly into the southern Atlantic, near Campos Novos and Lages. The environmental variables most highly correlated with species substitutions among the sites were altitude, mean annual temperature, and the mean temperature of the most humid trimester.

Figura di tutto il mondo

Julkaisussa: Teatro del cielo e della terra

Il Cusco, città pricipale della provincia del Perù

Julkaisussa: Terzo volume delle navigationi et viaggi raccolto gia da M. Gio. Battista Ramusio nel quale si contengono

Carta particolare che mostra il Capo Buona Speranza con il mare verso ponte è con l'isole di Tristan d'Acunha è di Martin Vaz : la longitudine comincia da l'isola di Pico d'Aasores [i.e. Pico Azores] : d'America carta XVIII

Julkaisussa: Dell' arcano del mare di Ruberto Dudleo ... parte qvarta del libro sesto. Vol III

Carta particolare della costa di Finlandia con il capo dell Norto : la longitudine comincia da l'isola di Pico d'Asores [i.e. Pico Azores] : di Europa carta XXXXVI

Julkaisussa: Dell' arcano del mare di Ruberto Dudleo ... parte seconda del tomo terzo contenente il libro sesto. Vol III

Carta particolare del Mare Settentrionale di Moscovia è Russia con iistreto [i.e. istreto] di Wigats è finisce con il fiume Oby : la longitudine comincia da l'isola di Pico d'Asores [i.e. Pico Azores] : di Europa carta XXXXVII

Julkaisussa: Dell' arcano del mare di Ruberto Dudleo ... parte seconda del tomo terzo contenente il libro sesto. Vol III

Les voiages de notre seigneur Jésus Christ et des apotres St. Pierre et St. Paul dans l'Asie, l'Afrique et l'Europe : l'on à ajouté tous les noms des regions et des lieux dont il est parlé dans le Nouveau Testament

Nimeketiedot nimiönkehyksissä

[Il mondo]

Julkaisussa: Libro di Benedetto Bordone nel qual si ragiona de tutte l'isole del mondo

The role of IL-12 in experimental Trypanosoma cruzi infection

Host resistance to Trypanosoma cruzi infection is dependent on both natural and acquired immune responses. During the early acute phase of infection in mice, natural killer (NK) cell-derived IFN-g is involved in controlling intracellular parasite replication, mainly through the induction of nitric oxide biosynthesis by activated macrophages. We have shown that IL-12, a powerful inducer of IFN-g production by NK cells, is synthesized soon after trypomastigote-macrophage interaction. The role of IL-12 in the control of T. cruzi infection in vivo was determined by treating infected mice with anti-IL-12 monoclonal antibody (mAb) and analyzing both parasitemia and mortality during the acute phase of infection. The anti-IL-12 mAb-treated mice had higher levels of parasitemia and mortality compared to control mice. Also, treatment of infected mice with mAb specific for IFN-g or TNF-a inhibited the protective effect of exogenous IL-12. On the other hand, TGF-ß and IL-10 produced by infected macrophages inhibited the induction and effects of IL-12. Therefore, while IL-12, TNF-a and IFN-g correlate with resistance to T. cruzi infection, TGF-ß and IL-10 promote susceptibility. These results provide support for a role of innate immunity in the control of T. cruzi infection. In addition to its protective role, IL-12 may also be involved in the modulation of T. cruzi-induced myocarditis, since treatment of infected mice with IL-12 or anti-IL-12 mAb leads to an enhanced or decreased inflammatory infiltrate in the heart, respectively. Understanding the role of the cytokines produced during the acute phase of T. cruzi infection and their involvement in protection and pathogenesis would be essential to devise new vaccines or therapies.

Il disegno della geografia moderna de tutta la parte dell'Africa i confini della quale stanno in questo modo, da ponente il mar'oceano computate l'isole di Capo Verde, et le Canarie da Tramontana il Stretto Gibelterra, et il Mare Meditteraneo ...

Kartta kuuluu A. E. Nordenskiöldin kokoelmaan