Growth of red and green strains of the tropical agarophyte Gracilaria cornea J. Agardh (Gracilariales, Rhodophyta) in laboratory

Gracilaria cornea J. Agardh is an important agarophyte occurring in the western Atlantic Ocean. Green colour individuals of G. cornea were found in a natural population, growing next to red individuals, which were more common. Due to the importance of colour strains in genetic and intraspecific variability studies, this work aimed to characterize the red and green strains evaluating different nutritional and light conditions. Red and green gametophytes were cultivated at 14:10 light: dark cycle, with alternating aeration periods of 30 min. Two different enriched solutions were tested: von Stosch (VSS) at concentrations reduced to 12.5% and 25%; and Provasoli (PES) at concentrations reduced to 25% and 50%, and 100%. Red and green gametophytes were cultivated at the irradiance of 45 mumol photons m-2 s-1. In another experiment utilizing PES 100%, two sources of light (Osram 40 W daylight fluorescent tubes and Sylvania Designer 3,500 tubes) were tested at irradiances of 90 and 180 mumol photons m-2 s-1. Growth rates (GR) were evaluated for five weeks. Gametophytes developed few branches and reproductive structures were not induced. Differences were not observed between GR of red and green strains in the conditions tested. GR were higher in VSS 12.5% (8.4% day-1) than in 25% (7.1% day-1), suggesting an adaptation of the species to low nutrient concentrations. GR were higher at 180 (9.0% day-1) than at 90 mumol photons m-2 s-1 (6.3% day-1). These results suggest that G. cornea should be cultivated in laboratory at high irradiances and low nutrient concentrations. These data will be useful in future genetic and physiological studies of the species.

Sucessão da comunidade de algas perifíticas em reservatório oligotrófico tropical (São Paulo, Brasil): comparação entre período seco e chuvoso

O trabalho visou avaliar a influência da escala temporal (sucessional e sazonal) sobre a biomassa, diversidade e estrutura específica da comunidade de algas perifíticas em reservatório oligotrófico tropical. A sucessão foi acompanhada em períodos seco e chuvoso com amostragens regulares a cada três dias, durante 27 dias, incluindo 16 variáveis abióticas e atributos do perifíton sobre substrato artificial. A clorofila-a foi baixa e similar entre períodos, porém com maiores perdas na época chuvosa. A diversidade foi elevada (3,4 a 4,5 bits ind-1) e relativamente estável entre períodos e durante a sucessão. As clorofíceas foram a classe mais abundante em quase toda sucessão, com destaque para Chlamydomonas planctogloea Skuja que contribuiu em média com 23% (seca) e 37% (chuva) da densidade total. A análise integrada entre as espécies e os fatores ambientais mostrou que a principal fonte de variabilidade ocorreu em função do período climático. Oocystis lacustris Chodat e Gymnodinium sp. apresentaram estreita associação com o período seco e aos menores valores de temperatura, amônio e maiores de pH, oxigênio dissolvido e fósforo total. Ao período chuvoso associaram-se Frustulia rhomboides (Ehr.) de Toni var. rhomboides e Cosmarium majae Strom correlacionadas de forma inversa às variáveis ambientais citadas. A estrutura do perifíton foi primordialmente controlada pela escala climática, sendo que os processos autogênicos sucessionais tiveram papel secundário. As associações de espécies de algas e o processo de acumulação de biomassa foram os atributos mais sensíveis a esta variação. Tais resultados contribuem para o escasso conhecimento sobre a estruturação do perifíton de reservatórios oligotróficos, servindo de referência para avaliação de sistemas tropicais alterados pela eutrofização.

Patterns of spatial distribution in macroalgal communities from tropical lotic ecosystems

Three sampling sites were analysed in each of the following tropical regions: 1) northwestern São Paulo State, representing a disturbed region; 2) Bonito, Mato Grosso do Sul State, representing a hard water region; and 3) Ubatuba, northern costal region of São Paulo State, a well preserved tropical rainforest region. The hard water region had the highest mean values for macroalgal species richness (6.3) and diversity index (H' = 0.62). Northwest and rainforest regions had the highest percent cover values (22.5% and 17.0%, respectively). All sites in the northwest region had one or two dominant species (percent cover significantly higher than the remaining species), characterizing the niche pre-emption distribution pattern. The same pattern was found in two sites of the Atlantic rainforest. The hard water region had dominance of one species in two out of the three sites, but differently from the northwest region, niche overlap values were lower, evidencing a patch distribution. Competition for space was one of the main factors to explain spatial distribution. Overall, sites characterized by niche pre-emption had lower species richness, higher values for niche width and overlap, dominance index and percent cover of dominant species. In contrast, sites characterized by patch distribution had higher species richness and lower values for niche overlap and width, dominance index and percent cover.