Cell locations for AQP1, AQP4 and 9 in the non-human primate brain.

The presence of three water channels (aquaporins, AQP), AQP1, AQP4 and AQP9 were observed in normal brain and several rodent models of brain pathologies. Little is known about AQP distribution in the primate brain and its knowledge will be useful for future testing of drugs aimed at preventing brain edema formation. We studied the expression and cellular distribution of AQP1, 4 and 9 in the non-human primate brain. The distribution of AQP4 in the non-human primate brain was observed in perivascular astrocytes, comparable to the observation made in the rodent brain. In contrast with rodent, primate AQP1 is expressed in the processes and perivascular endfeet of a subtype of astrocytes mainly located in the white matter and the glia limitans, possibly involved in water homeostasis. AQP1 was also observed in neurons innervating the pial blood vessels, suggesting a possible role in cerebral blood flow regulation. As described in rodent, AQP9 mRNA and protein were detected in astrocytes and in catecholaminergic neurons. However additional locations were observed for AQP9 in populations of neurons located in several cortical areas of primate brains. This report describes a detailed study of AQP1, 4 and 9 distributions in the non-human primate brain, which adds to the data already published in rodent brains. This relevant species differences have to be considered carefully to assess potential drugs acting on AQPs non-human primate models before entering human clinical trials.

Non steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and COX-2 inhibitors as anti-cancer therapeutics: hypes, hopes and reality.

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and specific inhibitors of cyclooxygenase (COX)-2, are therapeutic groups widely used for the treatment of pain, inflammation and fever. There is growing experimental and clinical evidence indicating NSAIDs and COX-2 inhibitors also have anti-cancer activity. Epidemiological studies have shown that regular use of Aspirin and other NSAIDs reduces the risk of developing cancer, in particular of the colon. Molecular pathology studies have revealed that COX-2 is expressed by cancer cells and cells of the tumor stroma during tumor progression and in response to chemotherapy or radiotherapy. Experimental studies have demonstrated that COX-2 over expression promotes tumorigenesis, and that NSAIDs and COX-2 inhibitors suppress tumorigenesis and tumor progression. Clinical trials have shown that NSAIDs and COX-2 inhibitors suppress colon polyp formation and malignant progression in patients with familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) syndrome. Recent advances in the understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms of the anti-cancer effects of NSAIDs and COX-2 inhibitors have demonstrated that these drugs target both tumor cells and the tumor vasculature. The therapeutic benefits of COX-2 inhibitors in the treatment of human cancer in combination with chemotherapy or radiotherapy are currently being tested in clinical trials. In this article we will review recent advances in the understanding of the anti-tumor mechanisms of these drugs and discuss their potential application in clinical oncology.

Solving non-linear stochastic models by parameterizing expectations: An application to asset pricing with production

A new algorithm called the parameterized expectations approach(PEA) for solving dynamic stochastic models under rational expectationsis developed and its advantages and disadvantages are discussed. Thisalgorithm can, in principle, approximate the true equilibrium arbitrarilywell. Also, this algorithm works from the Euler equations, so that theequilibrium does not have to be cast in the form of a planner's problem.Monte--Carlo integration and the absence of grids on the state variables,cause the computation costs not to go up exponentially when the numberof state variables or the exogenous shocks in the economy increase. \\As an application we analyze an asset pricing model with endogenousproduction. We analyze its implications for time dependence of volatilityof stock returns and the term structure of interest rates. We argue thatthis model can generate hump--shaped term structures.

Financement et autonomie fiscale de la Catalogne: Deux décénnies de problèmes non résolus

From the perspective of redistributing income fromrich to poor, equalizing intergovernmental grants are bound to have some perverse effects. For suchgrants, although transfering income from wealthy topoor on average, will inevitably result in some incometransfers from poor individuals who reside in wealthyjurisdictions to rich persons in generally poor areas.

Females of Tapinotaspoides, a genus in the oil-collecting bee tribe Tapinotaspidini, collect secretions from non-floral trichomes (Hymenoptera, Apidae)

Harvesting of secretions from non-floral trichomes by females of Tapinotaspoides serraticornis is reported for the first time. The females exhibit a type of mopping behavior using the fringes of long, wavy setae along the posterior margins of their metasomal sterna. Our observations indicated a wide range of host plants used as sources for these secretions, including Waltheria (Sterculiaceae), Tibouchina (Melastomataceae), Sida (Malvaceae), Jacquemontia (Convolvulaceae), and unidentified species of Commelinaceae and Cyperaceae.

Contribution des facteurs génétiques et non génétiques au niveau de vitamine D chez des individus infectés par le VIH

La vitamine D est connue pour son rôle dans le métabolisme osseux et dans des nombreux autres systèmes. La fréquence de carence en vitamine D est élevée dans la population générale, et elle est encore plus élevée chez les individus infectés par le VIH. Des nombreuses études ont recherché les facteurs qu'influencent la concentration plasmatique de 25(OH)D dans la population générale. Notre travail a pour but d'analyser la contribution des facteurs génétiques et non génétiques qu'influencent le niveau de 25(OH)D plasmatique chez des individus infectés par le VIH. La population de notre étude est constituée par 552 patients de la SHCS d'ethnie caucasienne et ayant eu au moins une mesure de la concentration plasmatique de 25(OH)D. Nous avons développé un modèle de pharmacocinétique des populations pour étudier la contribution de chaque facteur inclus dans nos analyses. Les facteurs analysés étaient: le sexe, l'âge, le poids, le BMI, la hauteur, la saison, le tabagisme et 7 SNPs associés au niveau de 25(OH)D identifiés par les études d'association pangénomique. Ces SNPs sont situés sur 4 gènes impliqués dans le métabolisme de la vitamine D. Nous observons dans cette population une prévalence élevée de carence en vitamine D: 78.8% des patients ont eu des taux de 25(OH)D insuffisants et 53.1% avaient une déficience de 25(OH)D. De plus, nous observons que le niveau plasmatique de 25(OH)D est associé de façon statistiquement significative avec: la période de l'année (p≈3.42x10−42), le BMI (p≈0.006), le tabagisme (p≈0.009) et le SNP rs2282679 (p≈0.0035). Ce dernier se trouve sur le gène GC, qui est responsable du codage pour la transcription de la DBP, protéine qui sert au transport des métabolites de la vitamine D dans le plasma. Ces éléments nous permettent d'expliquer 8% de la variabilité interindividuelle totale des taux de 25(OH)D retrouvée dans cette population. Une grande partie de la variabilité interindividuelle doit encore être expliquée, mais notre étude nous a permis, d'un côté de confirmer l'influence de certains facteurs identifiés dans la population générale sur une population spécifique qui est particulièrement à risque de développer une carence en vitamine D et, de l'autre côté d'examiner la contribution des polymorphismes génétiques au métabolisme de la vitamine D. Les efforts pour comprendre toujours davantage les causes de carence en vitamine D sont importants pour pouvoir identifier les individus plus à risque, de façon à prévenir et mieux prendre en charge une condition qui est source importante de morbidité et de mortalité et qui est facile à traiter.