Le diable au sabbat : Littérature démonologique et sorcellerie (1440-1460)

Au moment où débutent les chasses aux sorcières, dans la première moitié du XVe siècle, des écrits de différente nature décrivent les méfaits des sectes de sorciers et tentent d'expliquer la possibilité et la réalité de leurs actes afin de donner aux tribunaux d'inquisition ou aux justices séculières un cadre d'action acceptable. Les traités de démonologie, qui prennent leur essor au même moment, ne proposent pas seulement une réflexion sur la nouvelle croyance au sabbat des sorcières, mais ils s'efforcent aussi de rassembler tout le savoir relatif au diable et aux démons et à leur pouvoir d'action sur le monde et sur les êtres humains. Ils examinent les relations possibles entre les démons et les hommes dans le cadre de la sorcellerie, de la magie ou de la possession, tout en indiquant les moyens de se protéger des attaques démoniaques.Les démonologues, experts dans la 'science des démons', cherchent à insérer la croyance au sabbat dans le cadre traditionnel de la démonologie chrétienne, qu'ils contribuent à redéfinir. Leurs écrits, qui sont à la fois des synthèses et des oeuvres de rupture, sont le produit d'une méthode intellectuelle pensée comme scientifique et rationnelle.La présente étude est basée sur l'analyse thématique de plusieurs traités de démonologie inédits, parmi lesquels le Tractatus contra invocatores demonum, du théologien dominicain Jean Vinet (c.1450), le Flagellum hereticorum fascinariorum de l'inquisiteur dominicain Nicolas Jacquier (1458), ainsi que le Flagellum maleficorum de Pierre Mamoris, professeur de théologie à Poitiers (avant 1462). Ces textes anticipent d'une trentaine d'années le contenu du fameux Marteau des sorcières (1486), considéré souvent à tort comme le premier traité du genre.

Evaluation of the integrity of human corneal epithelium maintained in organ-culture during eye banking using Corneamax®

Purpose: Mediums have been developed to conserve corneal endothelium in organ-culture during eye banking. CorneaMax® is used by 25% of Eye Bank in Europe. Only little is known about conservation of corneal epithelium with this medium during banking. Its preservation could be of interest in clinic to cure corneal disease with stem cells deficiency. Therefore, we wanted to examine the integrity of human corneal epithelium maintained in CorneaMax®. Methods: Human corneas, considered unsuitable for transplantation, were obtained from the Eye Bank in Lausanne. Average post-mortem time was 14 hours. Cornoscleral rings were maintained in organ-culture in Corneamax® at 32°C. Samples were formalin-fixed after period ranging from 0 (D0) to 35 days (D35, N=5 for each time points) and stained with H&E. Proliferation and apoptosis were evaluated by immunostaining with antibody against Ki67 and Caspase3 respectively. Results: Corneas, which were not in organ-cultured (D0), showed different morphology, including intact epithelium with 5 to 7 layers, but also completely denuded basement membrane. In two cases, at D0, the epithelium lost its adherence to the basal lamina of the cornea creating a large epithelial sheet. During the two first days, corneas and limbus area lost totally their epithelium, except for some remaining limbal basal cells. From day 2 to day 10, regeneration of the epithelium took place, starting from the limbal region in direction to the central cornea. From day 10 to day 35, corneal epithelium appeared as an atrophic epithelium, consisting of only two cell layers. Proliferation happened in the whole cornea during the 35 days of organ-culture, as shown by Ki67 positive cells. Apoptosis was rarely detected in the corneal epithelium. Conclusions: Corneas maintained in CorneaMax® showed a complete disappearance of the corneal epithelium during the two first days and a conservation of limbal basal cells in the limbal region. These remaining cells allowed a full regeneration of the tissue, leading to an atrophic epithelium, composed of only two cell layers. This atrophic epithelium could be seen in all the organ-cultured corneas during the 35 days of conservation. This study is a first step to develop medium in organ-culture in order to conserve corneal epithelial cells.

Réflexions sur l'usage présent de la langue française ou Remarques nouvelles et critiques touchant la politesse du langage ([Reprod.]) / [N. Andry de Boisregard]

Collection : Archives de la linguistique française ; 11

Grammaire françoise sur un plan nouveau : pour en rendre les principes plus clairs et la pratique plus aisée... ([Reprod.]) / par le P. Buffier,...

Collection : Archives de la linguistique française ; 65

Dictionnaire du bon langage : contenant les difficultés de la langue française... ([Reprod.]) / par l'abbé N. J. Carpentier,...

Collection : Archives de la linguistique française ; 73

Long-Term Follow-Up of Multilayer Amniotic Membrane Transplantation (MLAMT) for Non-Traumatic Corneal Perforations or Deep Ulcers with Descemetocele.

Background: To evaluate the long-term efficacy of multilayer amniotic membrane transplantation for reconstruction of epithelium and stroma in non-traumatic corneal perforations (less than 2 mm) or deep ulcers with descemetocele.Design: Retrospective, non-comparative, interventional case series.Patients and Methods: Eleven consecutive patients with non-traumatic corneal perforations or deep corneal ulcers with descemetocele refractory to conventional treatments: herpetic or zoster keratitis (n = 4), Sjögren's syndrome (n = 2), rosacea (n = 1), hydrops (n = 1), mucous membrane pemphigoid (n = 1), bacterial keratitis (n = 1) and perforation after protontherapy for melanoma (n = 1). Intervention was: multilayer amniotic membrane transplantation with cryopreserved amniotic membrane. Complication rate and clinical outcome were evaluated in this long-term follow-up.Results: Mean follow-up was 32 months (12 to 60). Integration of the multilayer amniotic membrane was obtained in 10 cases after one year. Corneal epithelium healed above the membrane in 10 cases within 3 weeks and remained stable after 32 months in 9 cases. Thickness of the stroma was increased and remained stable during the follow-up in 9 cases. In one case herpetic keratitis recurred with a corneal perforation. The clearing of the amniotic membrane was gradually obtained over a period of 11 months. Complications occurred in 15 % of the eyes during the long-term follow-up.Conclusion: Multilayer amniotic membrane transplantation is a safe and efficient technique for a long restoration of the corneal integrity after non-traumatic corneal perforations or deep corneal ulcers with descemetocele. Long-term prognosis of these eyes depends of the gravity of the initial disease.