Geostatistics and remote sensing methods in the classification of images of areas cultivated with citrus

This study compares the precision of three image classification methods, two of remote sensing and one of geostatistics applied to areas cultivated with citrus. The 5,296.52ha area of study is located in the city of Araraquara - central region of the state of São Paulo (SP), Brazil. The multispectral image from the CCD/CBERS-2B satellite was acquired in 2009 and processed through the Geographic Information System (GIS) SPRING. Three classification methods were used, one unsupervised (Cluster), and two supervised (Indicator Kriging/IK and Maximum Likelihood/Maxver), in addition to the screen classification taken as field checking.. Reliability of classifications was evaluated by Kappa index. In accordance with the Kappa index, the Indicator kriging method obtained the highest degree of reliability for bands 2 and 4. Moreover the Cluster method applied to band 2 (green) was the best quality classification between all the methods. Indicator Kriging was the classifier that presented the citrus total area closest to the field check estimated by -3.01%, whereas Maxver overestimated the total citrus area by 42.94%.

Evaluation of the effect of the seed extract of Moringa oleifera Lam over the efficiency of organic filters in wastewater treatment of dairy cattle breeding

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of Moringa oleifera Lam extract on the removal of total solids (TS), total suspended solids (TSS) and chemical oxygen demand (COD), in different filter media for treating wastewater of dairy cattle breeding (DCW). The moringa seed extract was obtained by grinding 50 g of seeds in one liter of distilled water and, after passing the solution through a quantitative paper filter of 25 microns, 60 mL of the extract were added to wastewater from cattle breeding before the filtration process in organic filters made of thin coal, bamboo leaves, eucalyptus leaves, gliricidia branches and sawdust. This was followed by the completely randomized experimental design, adopting a factorial of 5 x 2. Aliquots of filtered effluent were collected and the total solids (TS) concentrations, total suspended solids (TSS) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) were determined. It was found that the increase in the efficiency of removal of COD and total solids can be attributed to the coagulating power of the moringa seed extract, wherein the filter medium with bamboo leaves presented the best performance, showing potential for use as alternative filter material in the primary treatment of DCW.

Estimation methods of reference evapotranspiration (ETo) for Uberlândia -MG

One approach to verify the adequacy of estimation methods of reference evapotranspiration is the comparison with the Penman-Monteith method, recommended by the United Nations of Food and Agriculture Organization - FAO, as the standard method for estimating ET0. This study aimed to compare methods for estimating ET0, Makkink (MK), Hargreaves (HG) and Solar Radiation (RS), with Penman-Monteith (PM). For this purpose, we used daily data of global solar radiation, air temperature, relative humidity and wind speed for the year 2010, obtained through the automatic meteorological station, with latitude 18° 91' 66" S, longitude 48° 25' 05" W and altitude of 869m, at the National Institute of Meteorology situated in the Campus of Federal University of Uberlandia - MG, Brazil. Analysis of results for the period were carried out in daily basis, using regression analysis and considering the linear model y = ax, where the dependent variable was the method of Penman-Monteith and the independent, the estimation of ET0 by evaluated methods. Methodology was used to check the influence of standard deviation of daily ET0 in comparison of methods. The evaluation indicated that methods of Solar Radiation and Penman-Monteith cannot be compared, yet the method of Hargreaves indicates the most efficient adjustment to estimate ETo.

Bankruptcy prediction using fuzzy methods

In this thesis, a classi cation problem in predicting credit worthiness of a customer is tackled. This is done by proposing a reliable classi cation procedure on a given data set. The aim of this thesis is to design a model that gives the best classi cation accuracy to e ectively predict bankruptcy. FRPCA techniques proposed by Yang and Wang have been preferred since they are tolerant to certain type of noise in the data. These include FRPCA1, FRPCA2 and FRPCA3 from which the best method is chosen. Two di erent approaches are used at the classi cation stage: Similarity classi er and FKNN classi er. Algorithms are tested with Australian credit card screening data set. Results obtained indicate a mean classi cation accuracy of 83.22% using FRPCA1 with similarity classi- er. The FKNN approach yields a mean classi cation accuracy of 85.93% when used with FRPCA2, making it a better method for the suitable choices of the number of nearest neighbors and fuzziness parameters. Details on the calibration of the fuzziness parameter and other parameters associated with the similarity classi er are discussed.

Kartonkijätteestä bioetanolia - Hydrolysoitujen sokerien erotus ja väkevöinti fermentointia varten

Tässä diplomityössä tutkittiin upotettavien membraanisuodattimien soveltuvuutta sakean hydrolysaattin suodattamiseen ja esisuodatettujen sokereiden väkevöintiä membraanisuodatuksella fermentointia varten. Työssä käytettiin kierrätyskartongista entsyymien avulla valmistettua hydrolysaattia. Sakean hydrolysaatin suodattamiseen käytettiin Kubota Membranesin upposuodatusmoduuleja ja suodatuslaitteistoa. Upposuodatusmoduulien likaantumisen vähentämiseksi suodatuksissa käytettiin ilmasekoitusta ja vastavirta-pesua. Upposuodatusmoduulilla kirkastettua hydrolysaattia väkevöitiin nanosuodatuksella ja tulosta verrattiin painesuodatuksella kirkastetun hydrolysaatin nanosuodatukseen. Konsentrointisuodatusten alussa testattiin neljää nanosuodatuskalvoa hydrolysaatin konsentrointiin. Sokereiden konsentrointiin valittiin Dow FilmTecTM NF-270 nanosuodatuskalvo sen korkean sokeriretention ja hyvän vuon perusteella. Sakean hydrolysaatin esisuodatuksessa ei upotettavien membraanimoduulien ja painesuodatuksen välillä havaittu merkittäviä eroja. Työn perusteella upposuodatusmoduulien käyttö sakean hydrolysaatin suodattamisessa on kuitenkin mahdollista. Tämä mahdollistaisi sokereiden jatkuvatoimisen erottamisen hydrolysaatista. Konsentrointisuodatuksissa molemmilla esisuodatetuilla hydrolysaateilla saavutettiin yli 10 % sokerikonsentraatio ilman suurta sokerihävikkiä. Sokeriretentio pysyi myös konsentraation kasvaessa 80 % yläpuolella.