A closer look at Carver and White's BIS/BAS scales: Factor analysis and age group differences

The Behavioural Inhibition and Behavioural Activation System (BIS/BAS) scales were developed by Carver and White (1994) and comprise four scales which measure individual differences in personality (Gray 1982, 1991). More recent modifications, namely the five-factor model derived from Gray and McNaughton's (2000) revised Reward Sensitivity Theory (RST) suggests that Anxiety and Fear are separable components of inhibition. This study employed exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses on the scales in order to test whether the four or five-factor model was the better fit in a sample of 994 participants aged 11–30 years. Consistent with RST, superior model fit was shown for the five-factor model with all variables correlated. Significant age effects were observed for BIS Fear and BIS Anxiety, with scores peaking in middle and late adolescence respectively. The BAS subscales showed differential effects of age group. Significantly increasing scores from early to mid and from mid to late adolescence were found for Drive, but the effect of age on Fun Seeking and Reward Responsiveness was not significant.

Sequence and expression of complement factor H gene cluster variants and their roles in age-related macular degeneration risk

Purpose: To investigate how potentially functional genetic variants are coinherited on each of four common complement factor H (CFH) and CFH-related gene haplotypes and to measure expression of these genes in eye and liver tissues.

Methods: We sequenced the CFH region in four individuals (one homozygote for each of four common CFH region haplotypes) to identify all genetic variants. We studied associations between the haplotypes and AMD phenotypes in 2157 cases and 1150 controls. We examined RNA-seq profiles in macular and peripheral retina and retinal pigment epithelium/choroid/sclera (RCS) from eight eye donors and three liver samples.

Results: The haplotypic coinheritance of potentially functional variants (including missense variants, novel splice sites, and the CFHR3–CFHR1 deletion) was described for the four common haplotypes. Expression of the short and long CFH transcripts differed markedly between the retina and liver. We found no expression of any of the five CFH-related genes in the retina or RCS, in contrast to the liver, which is the main source of the circulating proteins.

Conclusions: We identified all genetic variants on common CFH region haplotypes and described their coinheritance. Understanding their functional effects will be key to developing and stratifying AMD therapies. The small scale of our expression study prevented us from investigating the relationships between CFH region haplotypes and their expression, and it will take time and collaboration to develop epidemiologic-scale studies. However, the striking difference between systemic and ocular expression of complement regulators shown in this study suggests important implications for the development of intraocular and systemic treatments.

Stratified analysis reveals chemokine-like factor (CKLF) as a potential prognostic marker in the MSI-immune consensus molecular subtype CMS1 of colorectal cancer

The Colorectal Cancer (CRC) Subtyping Consortium (CRCSC) recently published four consensus molecular subtypes (CMS’s) representing the underlying biology in CRC. The Microsatellite Instable (MSI) immune group, CMS1, has a favorable prognosis in early stage disease, but paradoxically has the worst prognosis following relapse, suggesting the presence of factors enabling neoplastic cells to circumvent this immune response. To identify the genes influencing subsequent poor prognosis in CMS1, we analyzed this subtype, centered on risk of relapse.
In a cohort of early stage colon cancer (n=460), we examined, in silico, changes in gene expression within the CMS1 subtype and demonstrated for the first time the favorable prognostic value of chemokine-like factor (CKLF) gene expression in the adjuvant disease setting [HR=0.18, CI=0.04-0.89]. In addition, using transcription profiles originating from cell sorted CRC tumors, we delineated the source of CKLF transcription within the colorectal tumor microenvironment to the leukocyte component of these tumors. Further to this, we confirmed that CKLF gene expression is confined to distinct immune subsets in whole blood samples and primary cell lines, highlighting CKLF as a potential immune cell-derived factor promoting tumor immune-surveillance of nascent neoplastic cells, particularly in CMS1 tumors. Building on the recently reported CRCSC data, we provide compelling evidence that leukocyte-infiltrate derived CKLF expression is a candidate biomarker of favorable prognosis, specifically in MSI-immune stage II/III disease.

Evidence for the reliability and validity, but not the practical utility of the two-factor Consideration of Future Consequences Scale-14

Researchers have proposed 1-factor, 2-factor, and bifactor solutions to the 12-item Consideration of Future Consequences Scale (CFCS-12). In order to overcome some measurement problems and to create a robust and conceptually useful two-factor scale the CFCS-12 was recently modified to include two new items and to become the CFCS-14. Using a University sample, we tested four competing models for the CFCS-14: (a) a 12-item unidimensional model, (b) a model fitted for two uncorrelated factors (CFC-Immediate and CFC-Future), (c) a model fitted for two correlated factors (CFC-I and CFC-F), and (d) a bifactor model. Results suggested that the addition of the two new items has strengthened the viability of a two factor solution of the CFCS-14. Results of linear regression models suggest that the CFC-F factor is redundant. Further studies using alcohol and mental health indicators are required to test this redundancy.

A cartografia educacional de um território como factor enriquecedor da oferta educativa: O caso do agrupamento de escolas nº 4 de Évora

A presente dissertação teve como linha de rumo a questão de partida: De que forma é que a existência de ambientes de aprendizagem não formal e informal no território/comunidade pode enquadrar e reforçar as aprendizagens formais e a relação com a escola? Através duma abordagem teórica que inclui uma revisão bibliográfica e a análise de normativos legais que abordam e regulamentam a área em que decorre o nosso estudo, procurámos dar resposta aos seguintes objectivos: a) efectuar a cartografia institucional do território educativo do Agrupamento de Escolas nº4 de Évora; b) conhecer o potencial educativo existente nas associações e instituições localizadas no território; c) identificar instituições que possibilitem novas ofertas educativas e possam promover e potenciar o sucesso educativo, d) avaliar a oferta local de ambientes de aprendizagem e a sua disponibilidade para a promoção de parcerias educativas. Ao nível do estudo empírico e como forma de dar resposta às questões da investigação, optámos por uma metodologia mista (quantitativa/qualitativa), numa aproximação conceptual ao estudo de caso, tendo recorrido ao inquérito por questionário, aplicado como técnica de recolha de dados. Após a apresentação dos dados disponíveis, sua análise e interpretação, apurámos as seguintes conclusões: a) as instituições objecto do nosso estudo constituem um recurso do qual este Agrupamento não pode prescindir para a prossecução da sua acção educativa; b) estas instituições desenvolvem no seu seio uma considerável quantidade de actividades que envolvem aprendizagens; c) estas instituições estão receptivas à promoção de parcerias com o Agrupamento; d) estas instituições, pela área de actividade desenvolvida e pelo desenvolvimento de actividades com aprendizagem, podem potenciar novas ofertas educativas; e) estão reunidas as condições, nesta comunidade educativa, para a construção duma Carta Educativa de Agrupamento envolvendo todos os ambientes de aprendizagem disponíveis. No final da nossa dissertação expressámos as recomendações e sugestões que possam potenciar futuras investigações ABSTRACT; The following dissertation had, has a basis, the starting question (How can the existence of formal and informal environments in the territory/community regulate and reinforce the formal apprenticeships and the relationship with the school?). Through a theoretical approach and bibliographical and an analysis of legislation concerning to the area of our study we have tried to answer to the following objectives: a) create an institutional map of the educative territory of 4th Group of Schools of Évora) understand the educational potential of the institutions and associations in the territory; c) identify the institutions that may offer new educational offers that promote and may increase the educational success and d) evaluate the local offer of apprenticeship environments and their willingness to promote educational partnerships. ln terms of empirical study and as a way to answer the questions of our investigation we have opted to use a mixed quantitative/qualitative methodology in a conceptual approach to the case study having used a survey by questionnaire which was used as a technique for data collection. After the presentation of the available data, we have analyzed and interpreted it and got to the following conclusions: a) the institutions that we have studied are a resource that our Group of Schools must use to fulfill its educational action; b) these institutions create inside themselves a considerable amount of activities that involve apprenticeships; c) these institutions are receptive to the creation of partnerships with the group; d) these institutions may create new educational offers because of their activity area and their development of apprenticeship activities; e) there are conditions, in this educational community for the creation of a real Educational Chart for the 4th Group of Schools concerning all the learning environments. At the end of our dissertation we express our recommendations and suggestions that may help in future investigations