Solving the non-convexity problem in some shopping-time and human-capital models

Several works in the shopping-time and in the human-capital literature, due to the nonconcavity of the underlying Hamiltonian, use Örst-order conditions in dynamic optimization to characterize necessity, but not su¢ ciency, in intertemporal problems. In this work I choose one paper in each one of these two areas and show that optimality can be characterized by means of a simple aplication of Arrowís (1968) su¢ ciency theorem.

Mandatory profit sharing, entrepreneurial incentives and capital accumulation

The impact of a mandatory tax on profits which is transferred to workers is analyzed in a general equilibrium entrepreneurial model. In the short run, this distortion reduces the number of firms and the aggregate output. In the long run, if capital and labor are bad substitutes, it fosters capital accumulation and increases the aggregate output. In a small open economy with free movement of capital, it improves the welfare of the economy's average individual. One concludes that the benefits of sharing schemes may go beyond the short run employment-stabilization goal focused by the profit sharing literature.

Capital structure choice of foreign subsidiaries: evidence from multinationals in Brazil

Is the capital structure choice of a foreign subsidiary different from the choice of a comparable company controlled by nationals? If so, what are the differences? In this paper we shed some light on these questions by looking at a sample of foreign subsidiaries in Brazil over the period 1985 to 1994. We find that the foreign subsidiaries in our sample are more levered than their Brazilian counterparts. This difference, however, has declined over time. The evidence is consistent with the hypothesis that foreign subsidiaries increase leverage as a hedge against an expropriation of assets in a nationalization process.

The impact of public capital and public investment on economic growth: an empirical investigation

in this anicle we measure the impact of public sector capital and investment on economic growth. Initially, traditional growth accounting regressions are run for a cross-country data set. A simple endogenous growth model is then constructed in order to take into account the determinants of labor, private capital and public capital. In both cases, public capital is a separate argument of the production function. An additional data-set constructed with quarterly American data was used in the estimations of the growth mode!. The results indicate lhat public capital and public investment play a significant role in determining growth rates and have a significant impact on capital and labor returns. Furthermore, the impact of public investment on productivity growth was found to be positive and always significant for bolh samples. Hence. in a fully optimizing modelo we confmn previous results in the literature that lhe failure of public investment to keep pace with output growlh during the Seventies and Eighties may have played a major role in the slowdown of lhe productivity growth in the period. Anolher main outcome concems the output elasticity wilh respect to public capital. The coefficiem estimates are always positive and significant but magnitudes depend on each of lhe two data set used.

O conceito de capital social é relevante para explicar a pobreza e a riqueza das nações

O objetivo deste artigo é definir capital social, distinguindo-o do conceito mais abrangente de infra-estrutura social e indicar como poderíamos incluir tal variável num modelo de crescimento econômico, dado que o impacto do capital social sobre o crescimento tenderia a ser semelhante à introdução de externalidades de rede num mode lo de crescimento endógeno ou a um aumento da produtividade ou afetar a acumulação de capital num modelo neoclássico. Por fim, tentarei abrir espaço para estudos empíricos posteriores, tanto no campo da mensuração de estoque de capital social: como em estudos cross-section entre economias no sentido de captar o impacto do capital social sobre o crescimento econômico. Todavia, cabe notar, este artigo é um survey crítico e especulativo, fazendo parte de uma pesquisa mais abrangente que procura fazer um modelo de economia onde, partindo-se da ideia de capital efetivo, a infra-estrutura social poderia ser uma das variáveis independentes num modelo de crescimento à la Solow.

Instituições e crescimento, a hipótese do capital-efetivo

O objetivo deste artigo é o de explorar a relação entre instituições e crescimento econômico. A ideia é de comparar alternativas para a inserção de indicadores de desenvolvimento institucional no modelo de crescimento de Solow, avaliando os resultados obtidos, tanto do ponto de vista empírico, quanto do ponto de vista da teoria institucional de Douglas North